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	<title>何文超个人博客 &#187; 经济与管理</title>
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		<title>帮忙浇花的“小事”</title>
		<link>http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e5%b8%ae%e5%bf%99%e6%b5%87%e8%8a%b1%e7%9a%84%e2%80%9c%e5%b0%8f%e4%ba%8b%e2%80%9d/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=%25e5%25b8%25ae%25e5%25bf%2599%25e6%25b5%2587%25e8%258a%25b1%25e7%259a%2584%25e2%2580%259c%25e5%25b0%258f%25e4%25ba%258b%25e2%2580%259d</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 10 Oct 2011 12:52:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[工作体会]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[经济与管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[经验]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[任务]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[办事]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[办公室]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[印象]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[大事]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[小事]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[执行]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[浇花]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[行政管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[要求]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[计划]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[记录]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hewenchao.com/?p=1786</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[上个月，我拿了2周的年假，与家人一起去渡假。临放假之前，我交代一位日常负责行政管理的同事帮忙给我办公室里的花草浇水，因为她有每个人的办公室里的钥匙。她问具体要求是什么，我就说大概两天浇一次就可以了。那天渡假完毕回到办公室的早上，一张小纸片让我很感动，它也让我对那位同事留下了非常良好的印象。帮忙浇花的这么一件小事，她可以管得非常妥当。就是这么一件小事，它能透露出行政管理中的三个重要的事情。我们在日常的工作上和生活上做的各种小事都在给别人一种什么印象呢？这个小故事，来自我这位拥有多年行政管理经验的同事，值得大家借鉴！ <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e5%b8%ae%e5%bf%99%e6%b5%87%e8%8a%b1%e7%9a%84%e2%80%9c%e5%b0%8f%e4%ba%8b%e2%80%9d/">帮忙浇花的“小事”</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Pageviews:213<br/><p>上个月，我拿了2周的年假，与家人一起去渡假。临放假之前，我交代一位日常负责<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%a1%8c%e6%94%bf%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86/" title="查看 行政管理 中的全部文章" target="_blank">行政管理</a></span>的同事帮忙给我<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%8a%9e%e5%85%ac%e5%ae%a4/" title="查看 办公室 中的全部文章" target="_blank">办公室</a></span>里的花草浇水，因为她有每个人的办公室的钥匙。她问具体<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%a6%81%e6%b1%82/" title="查看 要求 中的全部文章" target="_blank">要求</a></span>是什么，我就说大概两天浇一次就可以了。</p>
<p>渡假完毕回来上班的那天早上，我在办公室里发现一张小纸片。它让我十分感动，也让我对那位同事留下了非常良好的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%8d%b0%e8%b1%a1/" title="查看 印象 中的全部文章" target="_blank">印象</a></span>。帮忙<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%b5%87%e8%8a%b1/" title="查看 浇花 中的全部文章" target="_blank">浇花</a></span>的这么一件<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%b0%8f%e4%ba%8b/" title="查看 小事 中的全部文章" target="_blank">小事</a></span>，她可以管得非常妥当。</p>
<p>在那纸片上，她预先列出了每一次浇花的具体日期，每次她进我办公室浇花完毕后，就在相应的日期上打个勾。其中有一天本来是需要浇花的，是星期四（9月8日），但那天她请病假了，于是当她星期五（9月9日）回来的时候就把日期改了，马上补浇。</p>
<p>就是这么一件小事，它能透露出行政管理中的三个重要事项：</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>第一，有<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e4%bb%bb%e5%8a%a1/" title="查看 任务 中的全部文章" target="_blank">任务</a></span>，但没有具体要求，就要把具体要求搞清楚，再行动；</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>第二，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%89%a7%e8%a1%8c/" title="查看 执行 中的全部文章" target="_blank">执行</a></span>任务时，要有<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%ae%a1%e5%88%92/" title="查看 计划 中的全部文章" target="_blank">计划</a></span>，有安排，有提醒，有监控，有<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%ae%b0%e5%bd%95/" title="查看 记录 中的全部文章" target="_blank">记录</a></span>；</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>第三，出现问题时，要灵活处理，尽可能作补救，努力继续按原计划执行任务。</strong></p>
<p>做到这三点，进一步来说，还能意味着什么呢？——假如虽然按照要求浇花了，但是花死了，那么责任就不在于执行者身上，而在于决策者。这果然是拥有多年行政管理经验的人员的行事作风！与这样的同事一起工作，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%8a%9e%e4%ba%8b/" title="查看 办事 中的全部文章" target="_blank">办事</a></span>起来，我会感到很放心。</p>
<p>我们在日常的工作上和生活上做的各种小事都在给别人一种什么印象呢？这个小故事，值得大家借鉴！在此附上那张小纸片：</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Water-every-2nd-day.gif"><img class="size-full wp-image-1787 aligncenter" style="border: 5px solid black;" title="Water every 2nd day" src="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Water-every-2nd-day.gif" alt="" width="500" height="621" /></a></p>
<div class="similarity"><h2>Related Posts</h2><ul><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2007/xiao-xun-tong-shi-xi-bao-gao/">教育在移动通信时代中的延伸与整合——珠海市龙星信息技术有限公司实习报告</a></li><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2007/case-study-change-it-company-china/">关于一信息科技公司的变革的案例研究 A Case Study on the Change of an IT Company</a></li><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2010/usability-evaluation-of-e-learning-environment-of-best-managers-on-the-net/">“网上最佳管理者”课程的网络学习环境的可用性评价</a></li><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2007/%e8%ae%a4%e8%af%86%e8%87%aa%e5%b7%b1%ef%bc%8c%e8%ae%a4%e8%af%86%e4%b8%93%e4%b8%9a%e5%89%8d%e6%99%af/">认识自己，认识专业前景</a></li><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2007/jiaoyu-chanye-jigou-zhuanye-jiazhi/">在与教育产业机构的近距离接触中发现自己的专业价值</a></li><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2010/%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e7%a7%bb%e5%8a%a8-gprs-iphone-3gs-%e8%ae%be%e7%bd%ae-%e6%96%b9%e5%bc%8f/">中国移动GPRS在iPhone 3GS上的设置方式</a></li></ul></div><!-- Mix -->]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>你被团购网站忽悠了吗？</title>
		<link>http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e4%bd%a0%e8%a2%ab%e5%9b%a2%e8%b4%ad%e7%bd%91%e7%ab%99%e5%bf%bd%e6%82%a0%e4%ba%86%e5%90%97%ef%bc%9f/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=%25e4%25bd%25a0%25e8%25a2%25ab%25e5%259b%25a2%25e8%25b4%25ad%25e7%25bd%2591%25e7%25ab%2599%25e5%25bf%25bd%25e6%2582%25a0%25e4%25ba%2586%25e5%2590%2597%25ef%25bc%259f</link>
		<comments>http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e4%bd%a0%e8%a2%ab%e5%9b%a2%e8%b4%ad%e7%bd%91%e7%ab%99%e5%bf%bd%e6%82%a0%e4%ba%86%e5%90%97%ef%bc%9f/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Aug 2011 11:18:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[宣泄]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[电子商务]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[上当]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[价格]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[优惠]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[受骗]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[团购]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[忽悠]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[打折]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[折扣]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[旅游]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[消费者]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蓝山]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[酒店]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hewenchao.com/?p=1759</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Pageviews:445<p>I have been enjoying a group buying lifestyle for a while. It is not just about the discount I got from the deals; it is also an opportunity for me to explore what good things life has to offer, which I would not have discovered if those group buying sites did not exist, especially in <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e4%bd%a0%e8%a2%ab%e5%9b%a2%e8%b4%ad%e7%bd%91%e7%ab%99%e5%bf%bd%e6%82%a0%e4%ba%86%e5%90%97%ef%bc%9f/">你被团购网站忽悠了吗？</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Pageviews:445<br/><p>I have been enjoying a group buying lifestyle for a while. It is not just about the discount I got from the deals; it is also an opportunity for me to explore what good things life has to offer, which I would not have discovered if those group buying sites did not exist, especially in a new city that I just settled in. However, as this new business model is booming, you need to be careful. Like when you walk into a shopping mall, you find a lot of signs indicating a sales in store. You may not believe it until you work out the actual price and estimate whether the price is below the amount the product is normally sold for. Similarly, don&#8217;t just look at how much the deal claims that you are going to save. Go back to the original website of the product/service, and compare the prices. If you are worrying they can even change the “original price” on their website, do a search of have a look at the similar products/services and find out their prices. Then you will have a better idea whether you will buy the advertised product/service at the advertised price, no matter it is a discounted price or a normal price. It is the price you are going to pay! Have a look at the following example: LivingSocial is advertising <a href="http://livingsocial.com/escapes/96713-beautiful-blue-mountain-escape" target="_blank">a getaway deal</a>where they claim the original price is $414 and they are offering a deal for $195 only.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://livingsocial.com/escapes/96713-beautiful-blue-mountain-escape"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1755" title="livingsocial-ripping-you-off" src="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/livingsocial-ripping-you-off.png" alt="" width="600" height="460" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">However, when I went to <a href="http://www.lamaison.com.au" target="_blank">the official website of La Maison Boutique Hotel</a> and navigated to <a href="http://www.lamaison.com.au/tariffs.htm" target="_blank">the tariff</a>, I found that the original price for a two night mid week stay in a Deluxe Queen room is not $414. Instead, it should be $220 ($110 per night).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.lamaison.com.au/tariffs.htm"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1756" title="tariff" src="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/tariff.png" alt="" width="510" height="416" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">OK, with LivingSocial, you pay $195 instead of $220 for the same services. Is there any discount? Yes, it sounds good. But, you will not think this is a great deal with a huge discount.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">If you think you are getting a great deal because the original price is $414 and you have got 53% savings, then YOU ARE GETTING RIPPED OFF!</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">So, what is the strategy you should consider to use? Look at the advertised price but don&#8217;t look at the so-called original price, read the details of the deal, close your eyes, and think if you should buy the service/produce for the advertised price. If you decide to buy it, go ahead; if not, close the website, but don&#8217;t look at the original price and try to convince yourself you should buy it because you are getting a great discount! Otherwise, you are actually getting ripped off! Good luck!</p>
<div class="similarity"><h2>Related Posts</h2><ul><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2010/issues-and-challenges-of-web-based-system/">网络系统整合的问题与挑战——对Aquarelle.com与Amazon.com的案例研究</a></li><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2010/shanghai-grand-theatre-versus-sydney-opera-house/">上海大剧院与悉尼歌剧院网上购票体验比较</a></li><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2004/jiao_yu_ju_you_yi_huo_dong/">教育局春节游艺活动？</a></li><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2004/lou_jiao_shang_de_yue_hui/">角楼上的约会</a></li><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2004/%e8%94%a1%e7%95%af%ef%bc%9a%e6%88%91%e7%88%b1%e7%9a%84%e4%ba%ba%e4%b8%8d%e6%98%af%e6%88%91%e7%9a%84%e7%88%b1%e4%ba%ba/">蔡畯：我爱的人不是我的爱人</a></li><li><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e6%b2%83%e5%b0%94%e7%8e%9b%e5%b1%a1%e6%ac%a1%e4%bb%b7%e6%a0%bc%e6%ac%ba%e8%af%88%e4%ba%8b%e4%bb%b6%e5%90%8e%e7%9a%84%e6%80%9d%e8%80%83/">沃尔玛屡次价格欺诈事件后的思考——可考虑参照国外做法引入“价格错误，商品免费”的规则</a></li></ul></div><!-- Mix -->]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>初尝“敏捷项目管理”</title>
		<link>http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e5%88%9d%e5%b0%9d%e6%95%8f%e6%8d%b7%e9%a1%b9%e7%9b%ae%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=%25e5%2588%259d%25e5%25b0%259d%25e6%2595%258f%25e6%258d%25b7%25e9%25a1%25b9%25e7%259b%25ae%25e7%25ae%25a1%25e7%2590%2586</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2011 13:31:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[项目管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Agile Project Management]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thoughtworks]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wayne Barker]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[培训]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[敏捷项目管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[澳洲计算机协会]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[讲座]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hewenchao.com/?p=1569</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[我参加了澳洲计算机协会主办的一个关于敏捷项目管理的讲座后，整理了一些笔记和总结了一些心得体会，在此与大家分享。此文将谈及敏捷项目管理的几个重要步骤，以及常用的项目管理工具。 <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e5%88%9d%e5%b0%9d%e6%95%8f%e6%8d%b7%e9%a1%b9%e7%9b%ae%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86/">初尝“敏捷项目管理”</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Pageviews:830<br/><p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In a recent presentation by <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/pub/wayne-barker/18/3b9/437" target="_blank">Wayne Barker</a>, a Lead Consultant at <a href="http://www.thoughtworks.com/" target="_blank">Thoughtworks Australia</a>, I had a taste of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_management" target="_blank">Agile Project Management</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">To make it simple, “Agile” is actually a management tool to deal with conflicts of interest during the life cycle of the project. Wayne used a case study to give us a brief introduction to <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/agile-project-management/" title="查看 Agile Project Management 中的全部文章" target="_blank">Agile Project Management</a></span>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The case was about an information system development project in a financial institute in Australia. It took 18 weeks to complete the project with a budget of 2 million Australian dollars, where 15 core team members were involved. So you can see it is sort of a small-scale IT project. To make a better planning, they spent totally 2 of the 18 weeks conceptualising the project and finalising the project plan. During the 2 weeks, 12 people were involved in 2 workshops per day (2 hours each). The workshops firstly defined high level concepts of the project, followed by a formal inception where things they needed to kick off the project delivery were determined. That included setting the direction, identifying scopes, proposing solutions and writing up the plan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Wayne showed us a number of photos of the room where the workshops were held. Papers and sticky notes were everywhere. It is like a typical brain storming scene. One of the sticky notes was written by a line manager who stated one of his requirements for the new system, e.g., “I want to be able to&#8230;” All of these sticky notes were arranged and assembled to make a whole picture of all the possible scopes by the end of the series of workshops.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">One important task to complete during the Inception Phase is to define success. First of all, they listed all the possible items which were considered as a factor of success, e.g., delivery on time, delivery on budget, scope quality, requirements, team satisfaction, stakeholder satisfaction, etc. Then they let their VIPs to rate each item&#8217;s importance. Such exercise is critical for better change management at a later stage of the project.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Wayne then moved on the Estimation Planning. I like the quotation he mentioned: <strong><em>Plans are nothing; planning is everything</em></strong> &#8211; <a title="Dwight D. Eisenhower" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" target="_blank">Dwight Eisenhower</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In Agile Project Management, the planning involves four steps, namely Identify Stories, Prioritise Stories, Size Stories, and Plan Stories. The term “story” here refers to individual scenarios when the new system is in place. To facilitate these four steps, the technique of using Planning Poker should be introduced.</p>
<div id="attachment_1574" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 458px"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_poker"><img class="size-full wp-image-1574 " style="margin: 10px;" title="Crisp Planning Poker Deck" src="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/CrispPlanningPokerDeck.jpg" alt="Crisp Planning Poker Deck" width="448" height="328" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Source: Wikipedia</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Planning Poker is a useful tool for estimating software development projects. The picture on the right shows a deck of planning poker. Individual stories are presented for estimation. After a period of discussion, everyone chooses from their own deck the numbered card that represents their estimate of how much work is involved in the story under discussion. All estimates are kept private until each participant has chosen a card. At that time, all estimates are revealed at once without identifying who an individual card belongs to. This technique helps each participant do their own estimate privately at a meeting without the influence others. The estimation coming out of the planning poker procedure tends to be less optimistic and more accurate.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In the case study, Wayne also introduced a poker chip approach to determine the scopes. After the estimation has been drafted out, their project sponsors and stakeholders were given a certain amount of poker chips and invited to “buy” the scopes they wanted on a large table where all the scopes were presented. According to the photo Wayned showed, it was just like a gambling table with squares of different sizes. In fact, the poker chips represent all the effort and resources available. Each scope has its “price” &#8211; the minimal chips needed. This scope buying process is a way to further confirm the importance of the scopes and to determine if some scopes are still necessary when the resources are limited.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">When the project was formally initiated and things were starting to work according to the finalised project plan, a burn-up chart (y = story point; x = time) was used to dynamicly show the current status of the project. Agile project management breaks down the whole development process into iterations, which are individual repeated work units, producing finished parts of the final product. In other words, at the end of each iteration, there will be a finished part of the final product. This is quite different from the traditional waterfall linear style of project management where parts of the final products would usually emerge in the last stage of the development phase. Having a finished part of the final product in each iteration enables the burn-up chart to show exactly how much of the product has been done at a particular time, no matter by story points or by percentage. The trend line can also indicate if the project is currently ahead of or behind schedule (i.e., the larger the angle, the faster the project is going).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As the project is going, the need for scope change would emerge. This is inevitable, but how can we handle it properly? Remember the poker chips that the sponsors and stakeholders used? Remember the stories point determined by the planning poker? Wayne continued to introduce a technique to properly accept the request for scope changes. That is, any new stories must be traded by another stories that have not yet been developed or delivered by moving the poker chips.  So what happened in the case study was that they removed some of the scopes so that the new scopes could be accepted.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Overall, the taste of agile project management initially gave me three points:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>1. Physical instruments are useful, even in the information age. The sticky notes, the planning pokers, and the poker chips set the tone of “non-negotiable”,  “limited resources”, “moving and trading instead of deleting and adding”, etc.</strong><br />
<strong> </strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>2. Open your mind to accept that change is inevitable. It is critical that you have an approach to deal with the change, and you need to prepare for that in advance.<br />
</strong><br />
<strong>3. Project management is dynamic. A fixed plan will never work. However, flexibility is not an excuse for project failure. There are a lot of techniques that could help balancing the changes and the “project success” defined originally.</strong></p>
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		<title>与营销人员“对战”之成功方略</title>
		<link>http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e4%b8%8e%e8%90%a5%e9%94%80%e4%ba%ba%e5%91%98%e2%80%9c%e5%af%b9%e6%88%98%e2%80%9d%e4%b9%8b%e6%88%90%e5%8a%9f%e6%96%b9%e7%95%a5/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=%25e4%25b8%258e%25e8%2590%25a5%25e9%2594%2580%25e4%25ba%25ba%25e5%2591%2598%25e2%2580%259c%25e5%25af%25b9%25e6%2588%2598%25e2%2580%259d%25e4%25b9%258b%25e6%2588%2590%25e5%258a%259f%25e6%2596%25b9%25e7%2595%25a5</link>
		<comments>http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e4%b8%8e%e8%90%a5%e9%94%80%e4%ba%ba%e5%91%98%e2%80%9c%e5%af%b9%e6%88%98%e2%80%9d%e4%b9%8b%e6%88%90%e5%8a%9f%e6%96%b9%e7%95%a5/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 30 Apr 2011 03:10:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[市场营销]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BATNA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[WATNA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[产品]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[优惠]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[促销]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[对战]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[总结]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[期望]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[电话营销]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[营销]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[解决问题]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[谈判]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[谈判技巧]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[降价]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hewenchao.com/?p=1439</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[最近就购买一个产品与该产品的营销人员进行“对战”，最终我们均取得双方都满意的结果——对方降价并“赠送”东西，我接受了。在这篇文章里，我将会分享我们“对战”的过程，并且对我们取得双赢的结果的因素，做出了分析和总结。 <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e4%b8%8e%e8%90%a5%e9%94%80%e4%ba%ba%e5%91%98%e2%80%9c%e5%af%b9%e6%88%98%e2%80%9d%e4%b9%8b%e6%88%90%e5%8a%9f%e6%96%b9%e7%95%a5/">与营销人员“对战”之成功方略</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Pageviews:1072<br/><p>最近就购买一个<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e4%ba%a7%e5%93%81/" title="查看 产品 中的全部文章" target="_blank">产品</a></span>与该产品的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%90%a5%e9%94%80/" title="查看 营销 中的全部文章" target="_blank">营销</a></span>人员进行“<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%af%b9%e6%88%98/" title="查看 对战 中的全部文章" target="_blank">对战</a></span>”，最终我们均取得双方都满意的结果——对方<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e9%99%8d%e4%bb%b7/" title="查看 降价 中的全部文章" target="_blank">降价</a></span>并“赠送”东西，我接受了。</p>
<p>其实我一直需要那样东西，那样东西在市面上有很多，但是鉴别其质量和性价比，需要一些时间去研究。一个偶然的机会，我得到了免费试用的信息，我便申请了试用，并向该公司提供了我的联系方式。试用一段时间后，在电话上的“对战”就开始了：</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>对方进攻：</strong>对方打电话给我，问我的试用情况，并向我讲述了该产品的优点，问我是否准备购买，如果能够立即确定购买，可以降价30%。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>我的反攻：</strong>我还没有考虑清楚，我需要对不同的产品进行对比，才能得出结论。我对他说，我有结论后，再与你联系吧！</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>对方进攻：</strong>对方询问如何才能帮助我得出结论，我有什么<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%9c%9f%e6%9c%9b/" title="查看 期望 中的全部文章" target="_blank">期望</a></span>，我有什么担忧，需要什么资料和数据，并答应把我所需要的信息发送给我，约定两天后在一个我方便的时间再联系。两天后，打电话问我是否对所提供的信息进行审阅，是否满意，是否准备购买。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>我的反攻：</strong>我说我看了那些资料，但是并不能清晰地看到我的期望是否能被保证，我的担忧是否能被避免。所以，我暂时不考虑购买。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>对方进攻：</strong>对方说我的期望不太实际，市场上同类产品没有一个能做到我的期望，而我那些担忧是普遍存在的，没有一个同类产品能够避免，说如果我不能接受，那么他们公司实在帮不了我，这个产品不适合我。</p>
<p>说到这里，其实我内心的想法是这样的：我的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/batna/" title="查看 BATNA 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BATNA</a></span>是，我获得更长的试用时间，以对产品进行更好的评估，或者对方可以给我多点<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e4%bc%98%e6%83%a0/" title="查看 优惠 中的全部文章" target="_blank">优惠</a></span>并提供更多附加值；而我的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/watna/" title="查看 WATNA 中的全部文章" target="_blank">WATNA</a></span>则是，这个电话就此结束，意味着试用期结束，并且我也无法获得任何优惠，以后再想购买，也许只能以原价购买了。基于这种心态，“对战”继续：</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>我的进攻：</strong>我需要多点时间对这类产品进行评估，并且我目前也在试用他们竞争对手的产品（已付月费），我需要等待目前的付款周期结束，才能做出比较结论。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>对方进攻：</strong>对方问，如果他向经理申请降价到40%，我是否可以决定购买。并且，那个价格，可以免费赠送多3个月。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>我的进攻：</strong>我让他把所有资料都发给我，包括这项交易涉及到的所有条款、价格、失效、范围等信息，我看了没问题就可以成交。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>对方进攻：</strong>对方显然又惊又喜，因为我基本上答应购买了，可是我又那么谨慎。他便说：如果你要锁定这项优惠，你需要现在就提供信用卡资料付款，否则走填表那种一般方式的话，就只能原价了。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>我的进攻：</strong>我说如果一项交易没有文字记录，那么我作为消费者的权益将得不到保障，因此我需要对方以公司电子邮箱发送这项交易的具体细则给我。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>对方进攻：</strong>对方答应马上组织材料撰写那邮件。由于我当时刚下班，不在电脑旁，于是约定半小时等我回家阅读了那些资料后再联系。在结束通话之前，对方再次让我确认，是不是只要他发送了那封确认邮件，并且我看了没有问题，就可以马上成交。我确认了。</p>
<p>我回到家后，打开电脑，看了他发给我的邮件，里面确认了优惠价、赠送的额外3个月使用期限、以及产品服务内容。里面还有一条特定条件，就是那项优惠的有效期是当天，我必须在那天确认成交方可获得那个优惠。这显然是在我给施加压力。但我还是需要沉住气，我继续再次仔细阅读那个产品的其他详细资料，再次把它与同类产品作对比。</p>
<p>约定的半小时已经到了，是谁先打电话呢？如果我不打电话，可能对方下班，就没有优惠了。如果对方不打电话，他有可能失去我这个客户了。</p>
<p>我在继续看资料的时候，基本上又产生了一个新的结论——我还是不能马上交易。如果那项优惠没有了，也没有关系，我迟点换个邮箱和电话继续再申请试用，另一个营销人员跟我联系，不就可以了吗？</p>
<p>再过15分钟，对方来电了：<img class="alignright size-full wp-image-1447" style="border: 0pt none; margin: 10px;" title="Handshake" src="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/1344365_handshake.jpg" alt="" width="234" height="300" /></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>对方进攻：</strong>问我是否看了邮件，是否有问题，是否能当天成交。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>我的进攻：</strong>我说实在抱歉，但我还是不能在当天做出成交。我看了他们资料，但我还需要更多时间做出评估。此外，我还在使用他们竞争对手的产品，我不希望浪费。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>对方进攻：</strong>对方说他已经额外附送3个月的服务，因此不存在浪费（又攻破了我推搪的一个理由）。但他还是没办法了，说问我最后一个问题，问我如果才能促成交易。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>我的进攻：</strong>我当时一下子没反应过来，实际上他那句话是让我开出条件。可是我只说，也许那天我们还是不能作出交易，我还需要更多时间做出考虑，如果将来没有优惠，也没关系。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>对方进攻：</strong>对方说，他也想赶着下班了，因此，他发出了最后的“通牒”——降价60%！</p>
<p>说到这里，不知道正在阅读这篇文章的你会怎么想？我当时心里的分析是这样的，他们的产品确实比同类做得好，但一周的试用也许不能说明一切；他们的原价比超出同类产品很多，降价40%也比同类产品贵；如果降价60%，还送3个月，那么算下来显然比同类产品更优惠。最终，我们成交了。</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>对方<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%80%bb%e7%bb%93/" title="查看 总结 中的全部文章" target="_blank">总结</a></span>：</strong>“你的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%b0%88%e5%88%a4/" title="查看 谈判 中的全部文章" target="_blank">谈判</a></span>能力真的很强！我做营销几十年，跟很多客户做过谈判，而你是为数不多的那几位可以以我们的最低价成交！”</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>我心里想：</strong>是不是最低价我不知道，但我当时确实还没有意识到，这个过程就是“谈判”，因为由始至终，我都没有提出关于价格方面的任何条件。</p>
<p>如果我作一个总结，我觉得我能在这个“谈判”中占优势的是：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>让对方知道我正在比较，并且我已经开始付费使用他们竞争对手的产品和服务，我必须能说出他们竞争对手的名字和产品，让对方知道我这不是随便说说的，我是真的在做比较。</strong></li>
<li><strong>拖延时间，谈判的时间越长，成交的几率就越低，或者说，跟那个特定的营销人员成交的几率就越低，因为我可以找他们公司的另一个营销人员继续谈；此外，拖延时间后，我可能可以找出其他更多的原因，进行讨价还价。因此，时间一旦被拖延，营销人员一般就开始紧张。</strong></li>
<li><strong>降低需求度，我表示我对他们的产品的需求度并不高，我可以买，也可以不买；我可以现在买，也可以迟点买；我可以买他们公司的，也可以买其他公司的。</strong></li>
<li><strong>价格不是问题，我表示，如果那个产品好，价格因素并不十分重要。由始至终，我基本上没怎么要求对方降价，是他自己提出降价的。这样，对方可能就很难找到一个谈判的基点——价格。我想，如果我一开始就要求降价，对方也许就会开始解释他们价格高于同类产品的原因。如果谈判的基点是价格，主动权就掌握在对方手中；如果谈判的基点是我买还是不买，主动权就掌握在我手中。如果对方要抢回这个主动权，那么降价必须要达到“质变”，才能挑动客户贪婪的心理。</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>那么，对方在这个“谈判”中，又是如何套住我这个顾客的呢？他的方法主要有：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>为客户<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%a7%a3%e5%86%b3%e9%97%ae%e9%a2%98/" title="查看 解决问题 中的全部文章" target="_blank">解决问题</a></span>，列出客户不考虑购买该产品的所有问题，想办法为客户解决。但是，在为客户解决问题前，必须让客户确认，如果那些问题都解决了，是否就可以成交了，否则，营销人员解决问题很可能会徒劳。</strong></li>
<li><strong>让客户说出其期望，然后讨论自己的产品如何能达到客户的期望；如果客户的期望不切实际，就反过来，否定整个行业，说整个行业都没办法达到那个不切实际的期望（事实是否如此？不知道）。</strong></li>
<li><strong>当发现谈判被拖延，就对下一次的通话，作具体的时间约定，让客户确认能在那个约定的时间里，继续谈判。</strong></li>
<li><strong>分阶段抛出不同的优惠条件，必要时，来一个能引起质变的大优惠，作最后一搏。</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>不管怎样，最终，我们都对谈判的结果表示满意。而通过这次所谓的谈判，我发觉，也许，谈判的最高境界，就是你还不知道自己在谈判呢！我上面所说的客户占优势的几点，都是下意识里做出的。但我想，这些下意识里做出来的事情成功了，是需要及时做出总结的。无论将来我走到类似谈判的任何一方，都可以回过头来，参考参考这个总结。我也希望这个总结和分享，对你有用。</p>
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		<slash:comments>3</slash:comments>
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		<title>跨机构E-Learning项目管理——在2011年Informa E-Learning峰会上的演讲</title>
		<link>http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e8%b7%a8%e6%9c%ba%e6%9e%84e-learning%e9%a1%b9%e7%9b%ae%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=%25e8%25b7%25a8%25e6%259c%25ba%25e6%259e%2584e-learning%25e9%25a1%25b9%25e7%259b%25ae%25e7%25ae%25a1%25e7%2590%2586</link>
		<comments>http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e8%b7%a8%e6%9c%ba%e6%9e%84e-learning%e9%a1%b9%e7%9b%ae%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 2011 02:47:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[企业架构设计]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[会议]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[教育技术]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[项目管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[e-learning]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Informa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[峰会]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[录音]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[教学设计]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[演讲]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[经验]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[跨机构]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hewenchao.com/?p=1391</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[上周，我在由Informa公司组织举办的E-Learning峰会上作了一个关于跨机构E-Learning项目管理的演讲；内容包括E-Learning项目管理的技巧、用于项目管理的教学设计原理、以及能促进E-Learning大规模开发的企业架构的设计优化方法。以下是现场的录音，期待与你交流！ <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e8%b7%a8%e6%9c%ba%e6%9e%84e-learning%e9%a1%b9%e7%9b%ae%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86/">跨机构E-Learning项目管理——在2011年Informa E-Learning峰会上的演讲</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Pageviews:877<br/><p>上周，我到<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.richardhe.com/tag/informa/" title="查看 Informa 中的全部文章" target="_blank">Informa</a></span>公司在墨尔本组织举办的<a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/2011%e5%b9%b4e-learning%e5%b3%b0%e4%bc%9a-%e4%bb%a5%e7%ad%96%e7%95%a5%e6%80%a7%e7%9a%84%e8%a7%86%e8%a7%89%e7%9c%8b%e6%8c%81%e7%bb%ad%e5%8f%91%e5%b1%95%e7%9a%84e-learning%e4%ba%a7%e4%b8%9a/" target="_blank">E-Learning峰会</a>上，作了一个关于<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%b7%a8%e6%9c%ba%e6%9e%84/" title="查看 跨机构 中的全部文章" target="_blank">跨机构</a></span>E-Learning<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e9%a1%b9%e7%9b%ae%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86/" title="查看 项目管理 中的全部文章" target="_blank">项目管理</a></span>的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%bc%94%e8%ae%b2/" title="查看 演讲 中的全部文章" target="_blank">演讲</a></span>。内容包括E-Learning项目管理的技巧、用于项目管理的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%95%99%e5%ad%a6%e8%ae%be%e8%ae%a1/" title="查看 教学设计 中的全部文章" target="_blank">教学设计</a></span>原理、以及能促进E-Learning大规模开发的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/qiye-jiagou-sheji/" title="查看 企业架构设计 中的全部文章" target="_blank">企业架构设计</a></span>的优化方法。以下是现场的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%bd%95%e9%9f%b3/" title="查看 录音 中的全部文章" target="_blank">录音</a></span>配幻灯片，期待与你交流！</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/player.html"><strong>点击这里可整页观看</strong></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<title>沃尔玛屡次价格欺诈事件后的思考——可考虑参照国外做法引入“价格错误，商品免费”的规则</title>
		<link>http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e6%b2%83%e5%b0%94%e7%8e%9b%e5%b1%a1%e6%ac%a1%e4%bb%b7%e6%a0%bc%e6%ac%ba%e8%af%88%e4%ba%8b%e4%bb%b6%e5%90%8e%e7%9a%84%e6%80%9d%e8%80%83/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=%25e6%25b2%2583%25e5%25b0%2594%25e7%258e%259b%25e5%25b1%25a1%25e6%25ac%25a1%25e4%25bb%25b7%25e6%25a0%25bc%25e6%25ac%25ba%25e8%25af%2588%25e4%25ba%258b%25e4%25bb%25b6%25e5%2590%258e%25e7%259a%2584%25e6%2580%259d%25e8%2580%2583</link>
		<comments>http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e6%b2%83%e5%b0%94%e7%8e%9b%e5%b1%a1%e6%ac%a1%e4%bb%b7%e6%a0%bc%e6%ac%ba%e8%af%88%e4%ba%8b%e4%bb%b6%e5%90%8e%e7%9a%84%e6%80%9d%e8%80%83/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 17 Feb 2011 23:37:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[行政与法律]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[零售]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中澳比较]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[价格]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[免费]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[家乐福]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[欺诈]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[沃尔玛]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[罚款]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[规则]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[超市]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hewenchao.com/?p=1247</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[继外资零售巨头家乐福武汉分公司因价格欺诈问题被湖北省物价部门重罚50万元后，沃尔玛襄阳分公司亦爆出被物价主管部门开出了人民币10万元的罚单。 这主要是，消费者反映，在家乐福和沃尔玛等大型超市结算时，系统显示的价格高于货架标签上的价格。对于超市的这种有意或者无意的“价格误差”，紧靠“投诉+确认+罚款”的方式来监管，实际上是非常低效的。这则新闻让我想起澳大利亚有一个“Code of Practice For Computerised Checkout Systems In Supermarkets”。它是一个对大型连锁超市进行价格监管的一条简单而有效的游戏规则。我觉的中国可以考虑参考并制定类似的规则。 <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e6%b2%83%e5%b0%94%e7%8e%9b%e5%b1%a1%e6%ac%a1%e4%bb%b7%e6%a0%bc%e6%ac%ba%e8%af%88%e4%ba%8b%e4%bb%b6%e5%90%8e%e7%9a%84%e6%80%9d%e8%80%83/">沃尔玛屡次价格欺诈事件后的思考——可考虑参照国外做法引入“价格错误，商品免费”的规则</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Pageviews:1172<br/><div id="attachment_1249" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 320px"><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/46898481.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-1249" style="margin: 20px;" title="沃尔玛价格欺诈被罚款10万" src="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/46898481.jpg" alt="" width="310" height="195" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">图片来源：腾讯财经</p></div>
<p>继外资零售巨头<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%ae%b6%e4%b9%90%e7%a6%8f/" title="查看 家乐福 中的全部文章" target="_blank">家乐福</a></span>武汉分公司因<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e4%bb%b7%e6%a0%bc/" title="查看 价格 中的全部文章" target="_blank">价格</a></span><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%ac%ba%e8%af%88/" title="查看 欺诈 中的全部文章" target="_blank">欺诈</a></span>问题被湖北省物价部门重罚50万元后，<a href="http://finance.qq.com/a/20110217/004106.htm" target="_blank">沃尔玛襄阳分公司亦爆出被物价主管部门开出了人民币10万元的罚单</a>。 这主要是，消费者反映，在家乐福和<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%b2%83%e5%b0%94%e7%8e%9b/" title="查看 沃尔玛 中的全部文章" target="_blank">沃尔玛</a></span>等大型<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%b6%85%e5%b8%82/" title="查看 超市 中的全部文章" target="_blank">超市</a></span>结算时，<a href="http://finance.qq.com/a/20110215/004309.htm" target="_blank">系统显示的价格高于货架标签上的价格</a>。</p>
<p>对于超市的这种有意或者无意的“价格误差”，紧靠“投诉+确认+<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e7%bd%9a%e6%ac%be/" title="查看 罚款 中的全部文章" target="_blank">罚款</a></span>”的方式来监管，实际上是非常低效的。</p>
<p>这则新闻让我想起澳大利亚有一个《超市电脑结算系统操作守则》（Code of Practice For Computerised Checkout Systems In Supermarkets）。它是一个对大型连锁超市进行价格监管的一条简单而有效的游戏<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%a7%84%e5%88%99/" title="查看 规则 中的全部文章" target="_blank">规则</a></span>，也就是，对于50澳元以下的产品（烟酒类和无条形码产品除外），如果结算价格比货架上的标签价格高，那么消费者就可以当场<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%85%8d%e8%b4%b9/" title="查看 免费 中的全部文章" target="_blank">免费</a></span>获得该物品（如果消费者买了多于1件的该产品，则只算第1件为免费）。</p>
<p>这个游戏规则，对于消费者而言，这也是一个“诱惑”，消费者会在结算时多留意系统显示的价格，看看能否捞到一个免费货；对于超市而言，一旦价格发生错误，虽然损失了一件商品，但他们可以及时知道错误，并纠正错误。可以想象，如果没有这种机制——消费者指出价格错误并当场获得免费场频，那么超市自身就无法知道疏忽错误的存在，进而会引来几百位消费者的投诉，最终巨额罚款是肯定逃不了的了。</p>
<p>“Code of Practice For Computerised Checkout Systems In Supermarkets”的简单版可<a href="http://www.anra.com.au/Scanning%20Code%20of%20Practice%20for%20Supermarkets/ScanningCode" target="_blank">点击这里</a>查阅，详细版可<a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/ARA_Scanning_Code_2004.pdf">点击这里</a>下载。</p>
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		<title>澳洲人一生的购房历程——中澳比较系列文章</title>
		<link>http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e6%be%b3%e6%b4%b2%e4%ba%ba%e4%b8%80%e7%94%9f%e7%9a%84%e8%b4%ad%e6%88%bf%e5%8e%86%e7%a8%8b%e2%80%94%e2%80%94%e4%b8%ad%e6%be%b3%e6%af%94%e8%be%83%e7%b3%bb%e5%88%97%e6%96%87%e7%ab%a0/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=%25e6%25be%25b3%25e6%25b4%25b2%25e4%25ba%25ba%25e4%25b8%2580%25e7%2594%259f%25e7%259a%2584%25e8%25b4%25ad%25e6%2588%25bf%25e5%258e%2586%25e7%25a8%258b%25e2%2580%2594%25e2%2580%2594%25e4%25b8%25ad%25e6%25be%25b3%25e6%25af%2594%25e8%25be%2583%25e7%25b3%25bb%25e5%2588%2597%25e6%2596%2587%25e7%25ab%25a0</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 07 Jan 2011 07:13:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[不动产]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[此文讲解我对澳洲人一生的购房历程的了解，并且分析中国人们购房压力之所以大、幸福感如此低的6大原因：1、中国房产交易市场还不够活跃，特别是二手市场和私人交易；2、中国信贷市场还不够活跃；3、在中国，装修任务落在买房者身上；4、在中国，人们对通过房产获利的开发商和炒房者有偏见；5、在中国，新建房过多，并且新建房影响了尚好的旧房的价值；6、在中国，政府通过压制房价了帮助人们置业（成效几乎没有），但没有进一步帮助人们从置业中获得实在的利益。 <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2011/%e6%be%b3%e6%b4%b2%e4%ba%ba%e4%b8%80%e7%94%9f%e7%9a%84%e8%b4%ad%e6%88%bf%e5%8e%86%e7%a8%8b%e2%80%94%e2%80%94%e4%b8%ad%e6%be%b3%e6%af%94%e8%be%83%e7%b3%bb%e5%88%97%e6%96%87%e7%ab%a0/">澳洲人一生的购房历程——中澳比较系列文章</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Pageviews:932<br/><div id="blogContent">
<p>昨天刚收到一本关于<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%be%b3%e6%b4%b2/" title="查看 澳洲 中的全部文章" target="_blank">澳洲</a></span>房产的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e4%b9%a6/" title="查看 书 中的全部文章" target="_blank">书</a></span>。里面提及的关于典型的澳洲人一生的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%b4%ad%e6%88%bf/" title="查看 购房 中的全部文章" target="_blank">购房</a></span>历程，与我先前的印象，极为吻合。</p>
<p>澳洲人不像一些欧洲人感到那么有安全感，必须要买房，才能过上真正的稳定的生活，并为退休做好准备。而在欧洲的一些国家，例如德国，超过一半的人一生租房，那是因为房客的利益得到非常好的保障，并且政府是最大的房东，能很好地为房客们服务。</p>
<p>在澳洲租房，如果房东给你60天的通知，你就得搬走。此外，购房<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%b4%b7%e6%ac%be/" title="查看 贷款 中的全部文章" target="_blank">贷款</a></span>的每周的还贷金额，实际上跟每周租金差不多。不同的是，如果你租房，租金永远回不来；贷款还清后，房子是你的，你可以把它卖掉。</p>
<p>他们典型的购房历程是怎样的呢？跟中国很多人一样，小时候跟父母住在一起，长大找到工作后，一般就自己在外面租房，特别是对于与父母分居不同城市的人来说。 当他们决定要买房的时候，在他们租房的同时，就开始积蓄首期。以前首期一般是20%，但是现在由于房价不断上升，于是某些银行和贷款公司可以接受 0%-20%的首期，甚至如果在房价高速上涨期间，对于信用记录非常好的人，不但不需要首期，甚至可以给你贷出购房金额110%的钱，用额外的10%来帮助你支付购房的其他相关费用。因为他们看到，今天的购房行为是一种<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%8a%95%e8%b5%84/" title="查看 投资 中的全部文章" target="_blank">投资</a></span>，而不是一种消费。</p>
<p>为什么说买房是一种投资呢？他们是这样理解的。今天买下来的房子，10年后至少涨一倍。1999年17万澳币的2房1卫，到了2009年转卖就变成35万了。而在这个过程中，他们会对房子做很多事情，使它增值，例如在房子里改建多一个卫生间，更换厨房设备，增加洗碗机等。今天付了首期，买下2房1卫，贷款10年。到了第5年有了孩子，并且到那个时候又有钱支付第2套房的首期了。于是把第1套房子出租，购第2套房——3房2卫或4房2卫，用第1套房的租金帮助还第2套房的贷款。当房贷全部还清后，就把房子全卖了，获利100%以上。然后又开始买更好的房子（例如在更好的区里买更豪华的别墅），又开始供房。若干年后，自己退休了，没有太多经济来源了，子女也有自己的家了，他们就把自己的大房子卖掉，又获利100%以上，然后买一套小一点的房子，把差价留作自己晚年使用。</p>
<p>虽然我现在还没有买房，虽然我没有深入了解中国的房产状况，但就这样表面的信息来说，我感觉中国人们购房压力之所以如此大，幸福感如此低，主要有这些原因：</p>
<p><strong>1、 中国房产交易<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%b8%82%e5%9c%ba/" title="查看 市场 中的全部文章" target="_blank">市场</a></span>还不够活跃，特别是二手市场和私人交易。</strong>如果私人卖房有丰厚的回报，我们还需要做房奴做得如此痛苦吗？同样是做房奴，同样需要把收入 的相当一部分用于还贷，为什么澳洲人能有如此的“安全感”？因为他们相信他们是在投资，是在作比股票安全很多的投资。我听说中国为了控制房价，便限制二次购房，限制二手交易，限制炒房。这是大错特错的！如果全民都在用一生的时间炒房，全民都能期待这10年、20年、30年后那笔丰厚<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%88%a9%e6%b6%a6/" title="查看 利润 中的全部文章" target="_blank">利润</a></span>，谁还在意房价高？</p>
<p><strong>2、 中国<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e4%bf%a1%e8%b4%b7/" title="查看 信贷 中的全部文章" target="_blank">信贷</a></span>市场还不够活跃。</strong>据了解，在中国，很多人都卡在首期上，为什么银行不愿意贷款给你，哪怕你有稳定工作有良好信用记录？因为这个信贷市场还不够活跃。怎样才够活跃呢？——你不贷，还有别的公司贷。对于银行和信贷公司来说，为了保住一个客户，他们可以降低首期，但要求很高的利息，同样可以接这个业务。然而，这个状况，是需要上面第1个问题解决后，才有可能解决的。因为，如果放贷者看不到房产的升值前景，他们就会觉得自己的风险很大，一旦客户不能还款，银行拍卖房子拍不出原来的价值，银行就亏了。</p>
<p><strong>3、在中国，装修任务落在买房者身上。</strong>在澳洲，你买房全都是带装修的。并且上一个业主会想尽一切办法把房子装修得更加漂亮，以卖出一个好价格。同理，当你买房之后，你会很愿意在装修上花钱，因为你在装修上花的每一分钱（当然需要装修得当），将来都会有回报。而中国的情况是怎样呢？不是卖房者在装修，而是买房者在装修。我曾经跟一个在中国的朋友聊过，他说在中国，普通人买房住一段时间后卖房再买更好的房子，很难，因为你很难度过过渡期——新的房子需要装修，而在装修期间你还得住在旧房，因此你不可能把旧房卖掉获利，再买新房。也就是说，在中国， “买房后再装修”和“毛胚房是新房而装修过的房子却是旧房”这些思维，又进一步制约了私人房产交易了。</p>
<p><strong>4、在中国，人们对通过房产获利的开发商和炒房者有偏见。</strong>这正如对资本家的偏见一样，大家都在憎恨资本家，因为他们在剥削你。但你为什么就不想想，如何让自己也成为资本家呢？同理，人们痛恨开发商把房价抬高，痛恨炒房者获得高额利润，为什么不想想，如何成为他们行列里的一员呢？你可能没办法成为开发商的一员，但你是否有可能成为炒房者呢？这值得思考。不过，这一个问题，终究还得回归第1点，没有活跃的私人房产交易市场，就不可能使老百姓们很容易地通过自家房产获得高额利润。</p>
<p><strong>5、 在中国，新建房过多，并且新建房影响了尚好的旧房的价值。</strong>在澳洲，如果一片地区的楼房最高只有3层（有些区以别墅居多），那么新的开发商很难在旁边建一栋 10层的公寓，因为那样会“影响市容”并且遭到那个区的业主的反对。但是，在中国，通过以影响周边房产价值为代价而开发的新楼盘太多了（例如一栋10层的楼前面本来是花园，后来那地改建为15层的楼，那么原来的旧楼就马上贬值了）。</p>
<p><strong>6、在中国，政府通过压制房价了帮助人们置业（成效几乎没有），但没有进一步帮助人们从置业中获得实在的利益。</strong>而澳洲的政府并不太干预房价，倒是会财政手段支持首次置业或私人交易。例如如果你是首次置业，将会获得额外的7000澳元的补助，另外有印花税的优惠；如果你把<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e7%89%a9%e4%b8%9a/" title="查看 物业 中的全部文章" target="_blank">物业</a></span>出卖，所获的收入，将不计入你的应交税的新增资本里面，也就是那笔收入是免税的，但如果你通过投资股票和基金获得收入，那是不免税的（例如你炒股赚了3万澳元，那么6000到3万澳元那部分收入就要被征调15%的税了，而3.7万到8万之间的收入则 是30%的税），因此，政府实际上是在鼓励老百姓炒房，而不鼓励炒股。要知道，人们拥有自己的物业，对一个社会的安定来说是一个非常重要的因素。而鼓励人们置业和帮助他们获利，是需要妥当的政策和手段的。澳洲的这方面，是很值得中国学习的。</p>
<p>当我对这个领域有更多的了解之后，我会再与大家分享我的新的体会。谢谢你的阅读！</p>
</div>
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		<title>上海大剧院与悉尼歌剧院网上购票体验比较</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Jul 2010 11:22:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[刚刚第一次在网上购买了上海大剧院的歌剧的门票，现在想把刚才的体验与我以前在悉尼歌剧院网站上购票的体验进行一次比较。本文将从市场营销和购票流程两个方面对两个剧院的网站进行比较。 <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2010/shanghai-grand-theatre-versus-sydney-opera-house/">上海大剧院与悉尼歌剧院网上购票体验比较</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Pageviews:2204<br/><p>刚刚第一次在网上购买了<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e4%b8%8a%e6%b5%b7%e5%a4%a7%e5%89%a7%e9%99%a2/" title="查看 上海大剧院 中的全部文章" target="_blank">上海大剧院</a></span>的歌剧的门票，现在想把刚才的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e4%bd%93%e9%aa%8c/" title="查看 体验 中的全部文章" target="_blank">体验</a></span>与我以前在<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%82%89%e5%b0%bc%e6%ad%8c%e5%89%a7%e9%99%a2/" title="查看 悉尼歌剧院 中的全部文章" target="_blank">悉尼歌剧院</a></span>网站上购票的体验进行一次<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%af%94%e8%be%83/" title="查看 比较 中的全部文章" target="_blank">比较</a></span>。</p>
<h3>1. 市场<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%90%a5%e9%94%80/" title="查看 营销 中的全部文章" target="_blank">营销</a></span></h3>
<p>观众如何得知表演呢？这是成功在网上把门票售出的关键。上海大剧院与多个专业售票网站（如<a href="http://www.culture.sh.cn">上海文化信息网</a>、<a href="http://www.shtickets.cn" target="_blank">上海票务</a>等）合作，观众可以直接在合作的票务网站上直接购票，也可以选择到<a href="http://www.shgtheatre.com" target="_blank">上海大剧院官方网站</a>购买。但从其官方网站和其他票务网站的设计风格来看，可以明显看出其市场营销的主要场所是在票务网站上，让票务网站通过各种营销手段（如赠品、会员优惠、邮件订阅）来进行推广和促销，而官网上则只有表演的普通介绍，以及关于剧院本身的一些基本信息，没看到特别的营销内容——例如没有邮件订阅、打折促销等。甚至，官网上的演出介绍，还有链接把观众引到另外一个门户网站上的（如<a href="http://enjoy.eastday.com" target="_blank">东方娱乐</a>）。因此，可以看出，他们的市场营销重点，放在外部，而非官网上。上海大剧院没有把太多功夫花在其官网上，就会导致一些小错误的发生。例如我要看到那场演出是19点30分开场，而网站上点击场次准备进入购票流程的时候，系统则显示是21点30分开场；再看网站首页标题是“上海大剧院 Shanghai Grand Theat<span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>er</strong></span>”，而它下面的Logo则是“上海大剧院 Shanghai Grand Theat<span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong><strong>re</strong></strong></span>”。如果有更多资源投入到网站的运营上，我相信这些明显的错误，是可以避免的。</p>
<p>悉尼歌剧院的表演，虽然也有刊登在<a href="http://www.ticketmaster.com.au" target="_blank">TicketMaster</a>和<a href="http://www.ticketek.com.au" target="_blank">Ticketek</a>等票务网站上，但一般无法在票务网站上直接购买，观众只能点击一个链接，回到<a href="http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com" target="_blank">悉尼歌剧院官方网站</a>上去购买。也即是说，悉尼歌剧院只在其他网站上做广告，但不在其他网站上直接销售。这样做的结果，就是不用给票务网站提成，同时给观众一个明确信息——下次直接去悉尼歌剧院官网即可。在推广方面，悉尼歌剧院使用自己的邮件订阅系统给观众发邮件，同时也在其他门户网站上打广告。但是给潜在观众传递重要市场信息的地方，仍然是他们自己的官网。你可以看到，几乎每一个演出，都有非常详尽的介绍，你还可以在上面观看视频、演员照片等。其网站还使用了其他Web 2.0工具进行推广，包括Facebook、Twitter等。这样，他们网站就产生了比较大的流量，于是他们就可以用那个平台招募赞助商。在一些比较出名的表演的介绍页面上，你可以看到一些知名品牌的Logo和网站链接，这样就可以获得门票以外的广告赞助收入了。此外，悉尼歌剧院的门票销售，还有promotional code，如果你从某个渠道获得这个代码，就可以输入，然后打折。价格方面，举办多场的表演一般采用差异化的价格策略，即开头那几场便宜些，越到后面越贵。还有他们还与手机网络品牌Optus合作，对30岁以下的观众进行5折以上的优惠，他们对外称这个选项叫做“Optus Under 30”。这样一方面培养年轻观众，一方面又可以获得一笔广告收入。</p>
<h3>2. 购票流程</h3>
<p>在表演介绍页面上的左边，点击场次后和购买按钮后，可以选择在剧场平面图上一个的区域，系统自动按照你的价位、数量、靠前还是靠后等要求算出最佳座位，然后你再确认是否要那个座位。你不能自己选择座位，必须让系统给你算。你也不能看到哪些座位已经占了，哪些还能购买。接受系统给出的座位后，就付款。只接收国内特定银行的信用卡支付，不接受其他信用卡。可以选择下载电子票打印出来，或者到现场领票，进场需要身份证。有一点我比较喜欢的是，官网提供一个座位预览，你可以大概看看系统按照价位给你的座位的效果，如下图：</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="size-full wp-image-820   alignleft" title="座位预览2" src="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Untitled-3.gif" alt="" width="300" height="180" /> <img class="size-full wp-image-819  aligncenter" title="座位预览1" src="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Untitled-1.gif" alt="" width="300" height="180" /><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Untitled-3.gif"> </a></p>
<p>在悉尼歌剧院的网站的演出介绍页面上点击场次和购买按钮后，你可以清楚地在平面图上看到哪个座位已经卖出，哪个还能买。这也许跟他们设定官网为唯一售票点有关，可以实时获得座位信息，如下图。但悉尼歌剧院则不提供座位效果预览。选定座位后和支付完毕后，各种主流信用卡都可以进行支付，门票免费平邮到你指定的澳洲地址，或者凭信用卡现场取票。如果购买了对30岁以下观众的优惠票，则只能选择现场凭信用卡取票。</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-821" title="座位选择" src="http://www.hewenchao.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Untitled-4-300x222.gif" alt="" width="300" height="222" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>结论：</strong>各有特色！但我感觉悉尼歌剧院更善于做marketing，就关于悉尼歌剧院的<a href="http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/thousands-gather-for-naked-opera-house-photos-20100305-po7a.html" target="_blank">这条新闻</a>和<a href="http://www.smh.com.au/photogallery/entertainment/art-and-design/opera-house-strip/20100301-pbzt.html" target="_blank">这组图片</a>足以深度吸引全国甚至全球的眼球的关注！</p>
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		<title>网络系统整合的问题与挑战——对Aquarelle.com与Amazon.com的案例研究</title>
		<link>http://www.hewenchao.com/2010/issues-and-challenges-of-web-based-system/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=issues-and-challenges-of-web-based-system</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 31 Jan 2010 14:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[电子商务]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[亚马逊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[卧龙岗大学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[学术论文]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[挑战]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[案例研究]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[系统整合]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[网络系统]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[本文是我在读“Systems Integration”这门课的时候所写的，分析了Aquarelle.com与Amazon.com两个电子商务网站在跨地区业务方面的系统整合问题，完稿于2008年8月22日。 <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2010/issues-and-challenges-of-web-based-system/">网络系统整合的问题与挑战——对Aquarelle.com与Amazon.com的案例研究</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Pageviews:1246<br/><div class="Section1">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="line-height: 150%;">Issues and Challenges of Web-Based Systems Integration:</span></strong> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;"><strong><span style="line-height: 150%;"> a Case Study of Aquarelle.com and Amazon.com</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Wenchao He</strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">School of Information System and Technology</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, Australia</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: large;">1       Introduction</span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This paper aims to investigate issues and challenges within the tasks of web-based systems integration through a comparative analysis of two cases—aquarelle.com and amazon.com. The investigation was implemented from the customer perspective and the <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.richardhe.com/tag/it/" title="查看 IT 中的全部文章" target="_blank">IT</a></span> perspective. The data were mainly collected from the author’s personal experience of using the websites as a customer. Then the author revisited and tested the websites in order to examine and justify the issues and challenges of their systems integration. Justification of the better business model is made and practical proposition is provided based on the data analysis and the results.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: large;">2       Customer Perspective</span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Usability and Interoperability are two main dimensions of evaluating e-business websites from the customer perspective, although they are more or less overlapped. While Usability provides criteria to assess customers’ generic experience of using the services that websites offer, Interoperability focuses on those services across various systems. According to Pearson and Pearson (2007), Web sites’ usability can be assessed using five criteria: Navigation, Ease of Use, Customisation, Download Speed, and Accessibility, and among the criteria, Navigation and Ease of Use have the largest contribution in explaining Web suability. Interoperability issues are usually linked to the failure of these two important factors (Chen et al., 2008, Palmer, 2002, Pearson and Pearson, 2007).</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2.1     Usability</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><em><span style="font-size: medium;">2.1.1   Navigation</span></em></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As for Navigation, aquarelle.com does not provide customers with any classification information of their products but inserts the link to “Chocolat[e]s and fruits on Aquarelle Gourmand” in the administrative menu. Its big homepage displays almost all the products that they have but does not provide navigation for customers to register an account, maybe because they prefer the customers select the products first, but what if the old customers came back again and could not find the login portal? Contrarily, amazon.com sets a clear classification section on the left to help customers directly go to their target areas of products, and the administrative links are located separately. The customers may always know what links they should click if they want to choose a specific product classification or login the website. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><em><span style="font-size: medium;">2.1.2   Ease of Use</span></em></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As for Ease of Use, aquarelle.com’s account management system may easily make customers confused through out the whole purchase process. For example, when a customer registers an account, the system asks him or her to set a password. It will change all the lowercase letters into uppercase letters automatically as they are being input (see Figure 1). The customer may not know whether he or she should input which kind of letters as password next time. Furthermore, it is unusual that the password is displayed directly on the screen, which may be seen by others near the user. Amazon.com provides customers with much more instruction and the customers can follow the instruction step by step to finish their purchases and manage their accounts.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100201/1_100201182251_1.gif" border="1" alt="Figure 1: Password Uppercase Issue" width="554" height="356" align="center" /></span></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Figure 1: Password Uppercase Issue</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><em><span style="font-size: medium;">2.1.3   Customisation</span></em></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As for Customisation, both of the websites offer customised services. Aquarelle.com offers the services through its production (e.g., customers can choose different colours and sizes of flowers when they order, and can send a photo to the website and the photo will be printed and go with the flower to the recipient, see Figure 2). Amazon.com not only customises the production (e.g., gift packing option, Kindle version of books option, etc.), but also organise recommendation for customers based on their previous browsing and purchasing record.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100201/1_100201182353_1.gif" border="1" alt="" width="554" height="95" /></span></span></div>
<p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Figure 2: Exclusive Aquarelle Services</span></span></strong></p>
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<h3 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><em><span style="font-size: medium;">2.1.4   Download Speed and Accessibility</span></em></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As for Download Speed and Accessibility, the author used a website speed testing application (</span></span><a href="http://www.iwebtool.com/speed_test"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://www.iwebtool.com/speed_test</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">) to test the download delay of the two business’ two main sites and their international sites. Each site’s speed data were collected through out consecutive five days during at different time in one day.  It comes that the average download delay of Aquarelle is 1.535 seconds, and Amazon 2.229 seconds. It is evident that aquarelle’s websites’ download time is much less than Amazon’s. This is because Aquarelle’s websites’ content is very simple and there is not much content. The author has not detected any accessibility issue.</span></span></p>
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<h2 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2.2     Interoperability</span></span></h2>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Generally speaking, interoperability is the ability for two systems to understand one another and to use functionality of one another. In the context of networked enterprises, interoperability refers to the ability of interactions (exchange of information and services) between enterprise systems (Chen et al., 2008, Chen and Vernadat, 2002). Interoperability issues are apparent in the two business models in terms of the two most important criteria of usability—Navigation and Ease of Use.</span></span></p>
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<h3 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><em><span style="font-size: medium;">2.2.1   Navigation and Interoperability</span></em></span></h3>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aquarelle redirects customers to its other international sites by a link named “send flower abroad”. From the link, customers can choose other sites, the offices of which are located in other six countries (Belgium, Germany, Spain, UK, Netherland, and USA). But the problem is that, if a French person travels to Germany, lives there for a period, and then wants to send flower to Germany’s local address, then the behaviour should not be called “send flower abroad” since he or she has been in   Germany. On the other hand, there are so many products that Amazon is selling, and some same products are on sale in different countries’ sites (e.g., a book is on sale on amazon.com but it may also be sold in amazon.ca). The current situation is that, customers are not able to compare books across countries, so they have to compare the books and correspondent shipping fee manually. For example, an American customer may compare a book on amazon.com and amazon.ca, and then choose a site that sells the book for a lower price. From Figure 3, while Amazon.ca sells the book for CDN$23.28 (about US$22) plus CDN$9.98 (about US$9.43) for shipping to USA (totally about US$31.43), Amazon.com sells the book for US$35 with free shipping within USA, so the American customer may buy the book from amazon.ca. However, the product-linked navigation across Amazon’s various sites does not exist (i.e., customers can not directly access to all the pricing information about one book).</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="window.open('/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100201/1_100201183425_1.gif')" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100201/1_100201183425_1.gif" border="1" alt="Figure 3: The Same book on Amazon.ca (left) and Amazon.com (right)" width="550" height="155" /><br />
</span></span></div>
<p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Figure 3: The Same book on Amazon.ca (left) and Amazon.com (right)</span></span></strong></p>
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<h3 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><em><span style="font-size: medium;">2.2.2   Ease of Use and Interoperability</span></em></span></h3>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aquarelle’s account is not available through out all the Aquarelle sites. That is to say, if a customer registered at Aquarelle.com and even makes a purchase, he or she still can not use that account to login Aquarelle.co.uk, which would generate inconvenience for customers. The same issue partially applies to Amazon. The author registered an account on Amazon.com, and could use it to login Amazon.ca, Amazon.co.uk, Amazon.fr and Amazon.de, but could not use it to login Amazon.cn and Amazon.co.jp (see Figure 4).</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="window.open('/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100201/1_100201183529_1.gif')" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100201/1_100201183529_1.gif" border="0" alt="Figure 4: Login Error Notice on Amazon.cn (left) and Amazon.co.jp (right)" width="600" height="198" /> </span></span></div>
<p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Figure 4: Login Error Notice on Amazon.cn (left) and Amazon.co.jp (right)</span></span></strong></p>
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</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In term of order tracking, both business models have interoperability problems. Aquarelle’s order tracking system is basically separated from the account management system. When a customer wants to track an order on the same Aquarelle site, he or she needs to input a unique access code received from Aquarelle by e-mail, but can not login the account to see the order status. Amazon’s tracking system is built in the account management system. However, if a customer buys a book and then login other Amazon sites, he or she will not see the order in the new Amazon sites. He or she needs to go back to the original site to track it.</span></span></p>
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<h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: large;">3       IT Perspective</span></span></h1>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">From the IT perspective, the two cases’ usability and interoperability issues and challenges are determined by the back-end processes and status of the systems integration. Investigating these two dimensions can help understand the potential of changing Little i to Big I (Gulledge, 2006) within the two business models.</span></span></p>
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<h2 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3.1     Back-end</span></span></h2>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aquarelle’s seven sites’ user databases are totally separated. They are only linked by HTML hyperlink. Each site processes its own orders and manages its own users. This leads to a big disadvantage of the promotion of the club policy—“For every 4 orders you place, a discount equivalent to 10% of the value of the 3 previous orders (excluding delivery costs) will be deducted from your 4th order”, because the four orders have to be processed within one country. Even in one site, the Order Follow Up team still use a different system to store the information.</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Amazon’s seven sites’ user databases are partially shared. Except for Amazon.cn and Amazon.co.jp, once other Amazon sites’ users input their personal details, the information will be stored and can be retrieved by other Amazon sites. The five Amazon sites process and manage their own orders, and the order data are not shared with each other. Because order record will form an important basic for the future recommendation, lacking the order records leads each Amazon site to just provide customers with limited recommendation. If a customer makes an order on one Amazon site, even though other Amazon sites have got good recommendation for the customer, they are not able to promote the recommendation to the customer (see Figure 5 where there was no recommendation for the customer even though he did purchase three books from Amazon.ca).</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="window.open('/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100201/1_100201183610_1.gif')" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100201/1_100201183610_1.gif" border="1" alt="Figure 5: Amazon.co.uk’s Recommendation Page" width="554" height="315" /><br />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Figure 5: Amazon.co.uk’s Recommendation Page</span></span></strong></p>
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<h2 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3.2     Enterprise information systems integration</span></span></h2>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There are many obstacles to enterprise information systems integration. All of them can be classified into three catalogues: (1) People, (2) Process, and (3) Technology (Wamba et al., 2008). </span></span></p>
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<h3 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><em><span style="font-size: medium;">3.2.1   People</span></em></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aquarelle’s and Amazon’s different sites’ organisations are consisted of different people with different responsibilities, power and goals, so not all these people will support the integration because the integration may influence their current benefit. In front of such a problem, Amazon’s strategy is to selectively integrate systems (e.g., to integrate the five sites users database) while leave the other two sites to be integrated relatively more slowly. So Amazon is experiencing the period of mixture of Big I and Litter i. Aquarelle’s business model is much more simple than Amazon’s because of the nature of live plant. The flowers should be kept fresh when they are being delivered. So the suppliers should be local and the destination of an order is also limited to local area. Hence, the “Autonomy” issue (Hasselbring, 2000) is much likely to influence the procedure of integration.</span></span></p>
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<h3 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><em><span style="font-size: medium;">3.2.2   Process</span></em></span></h3>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aquarelle and Amazon basically follow a Sales Order Process but Aquarelle’s process seems simpler than Amazon’s, because Aquarelle’s sites do not rely on external support when they process their orders and manage users, while Amazon have signed up many third party contracts (e.g., Amazon VISA Card promotion, couriers, individual suppliers, etc.). When there is a need to reengineering, they need to redefine all the complex processes. For example, if user database including order records are to be integrated, what should the customer service staff do if the customers report order problems to the wrong offices.</span></span></p>
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<h3 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><em><span style="font-size: medium;">3.2.3   Technology</span></em></span></h3>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Different systems’ different standards are also a problem because of different software and hardware standards. Amazon’s technology innovation seems to focus on new products, such as Kindle, Web services, etc. Aquarelle at the moment does not involve too much technology but if they need to extend the business, better management tools should be developed and/or integrated.</span></span></p>
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<h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: large;">4       Conclusion and Proposition</span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Overall, from the customer perspective, it is evident that Amazon’s usability and interoperability are much better than Aquarelle’s. However, from IT perspective, they both have many shortcomings and are facing many challenges which they need to overcome in the future. Particularly, Aquarelle needs to redesign their membership management architecture so that different sites can share the database and they can avoid internal conflict by following an appropriate procedure. Also, it would be better if Aquarelle can integrate the resources of different countries’ local florists so that they can increase the amount of available product to be sold online. The service that Aquarelle provides customers with the photo of the flower they ordered, currently includes too much manual effort. This service may be improved if the deliver process and customer relationship management process are integrated.</span></span></p>
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<h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: large;">5       References</span></span></h1>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">CHEN, D., DOUMEINGTS, G. &amp; VERNADAT, F. (2008) Architectures for enterprise integration and interoperability: Past, present and future. <em>Computers in Industry,</em> 59<strong>,</strong> 647–659.</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">CHEN, D. &amp; VERNADAT, F. (2002) Enterprise interoperability: a standardisation view. IN KOSANKE, K., JOCHEM, R., NELL, J. G. &amp; BAS, A. O. (Eds.) <em>Enterprise Inter-and-Intra Organisational Integration.</em> Kluwer Academic Publishers.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">GULLEDGE, T. (2006) What is integration? <em>Industrial Management &amp; Data,</em> 106<strong>,</strong> 5-20.</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">HASSELBRING, W. (2000) Information system. <em>Communications of the ACM,</em> 43<strong>,</strong> 33-38.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">PALMER, J. W. (2002) Web site usability, design, and performance metrics. <em>Information System Research,</em> 13<strong>,</strong> 151-167.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">PEARSON, J. M. &amp; PEARSON, A. (2007) Determining the importance of key criteria in web usability. <em>Management Research News,</em> 30<strong>,</strong> 816-828.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">WAMBA, S. F., SHEN, J. &amp; YAN, J. (2008) Lecture 3: the challenge of integration. <em>ISIT904 Lecture Notes.</em> Wollongong, University of Wollongong.</span></span></p>
</div>
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		<title>“网上最佳管理者”课程的网络学习环境的可用性评价</title>
		<link>http://www.hewenchao.com/2010/usability-evaluation-of-e-learning-environment-of-best-managers-on-the-net/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=usability-evaluation-of-e-learning-environment-of-best-managers-on-the-net</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 16 Jan 2010 14:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[教育技术]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[经济与管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[e-learning]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UOW]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[卧龙岗大学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[学习环境]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[网络课程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[评估]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[这是我在上"Evaluation of Technology-Based Learning"这门课的时候所写的一篇关于Best Managers on the Net这个网络课程的可用性评价的小文章，完稿于2009年3月23日。 <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2010/usability-evaluation-of-e-learning-environment-of-best-managers-on-the-net/">“网上最佳管理者”课程的网络学习环境的可用性评价</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Pageviews:1529<br/><p style="text-align: center"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: x-large">Usability Evaluation of E-Learning Environment </span></span></strong></p>
<div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: x-large">of <i>Best Managers on the Net <sup>&reg;</sup></i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="text-align: center; line-height: 17pt" align="center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Wenchao He</span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center; line-height: 17pt" align="center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Faculty of Education, University of Wollongong, Australia</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-size: large"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Introduction</span></strong></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>Best Managers on the Net</i> <sup>&reg;</sup> (<i>Best Managers</i> for short below) is a self-paced online course for potential or existing small business mangers and owners who want to build or improve their business on the Internet, which is offered by Technology Business Services, Inc. and taught by Prof. Richard Dowell. The <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.richardhe.com/tag/e-learning/" title="查看 e-learning 中的全部文章" target="_blank">e-learning</a></span> environment of the course is built at bestmanagers.net where all the learning materials and support are provided. In addition, e-mail consultation and video-conferencing session are also available to subscribers. The author subscribed to this course for a 30-day risk-free trial so that he was able to have full access to the e-learning environment. And then he conducted a usability evaluation using two instruments&mdash;Cognitive Walkthrough and Heuristic Evaluation. The procedures and results of the evaluation are documented in this paper, followed by the author&rsquo;s reflection on the evaluation experience and the discussion on the two instruments.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-size: large"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Selection of Evaluation Instruments</span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">The human resource for the usability evaluation that the author had was just himself, and there was additional users available (e.g., there were no multiple testers available). This limitation narrowed the scope of instruments that the author could choose from. On the other hand, the author&rsquo;s account in the e-learning environment was at an end-user level, which means that he did not have administrator privilege to change anything on the website (e.g., to release a questionnaire), or to access to other users&rsquo; information (e.g., activity logs, contact details, etc.). Based on such preconditions and according to the requirements of various usability evaluation instruments (Nielsen 1993; Nielsen and Mack 1994), the author finally selected Cognitive Walkthrough and Heuristic Evaluation as the two main instruments used for the usability evaluation. This is because these two instruments do not require multiple actual users, testers or website developers and administrators to participate. By using these instruments, the evaluator does not need to have administrator privilege over the website.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-size: large"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cognitive Walkthrough</span></strong></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Cognitive walkthrough involves one or a group of evaluators inspecting a user interface by going through a set of tasks and evaluate its understandability and ease of learning. The user interface is often presented in the form of a paper mock-up or a working prototype, but it can also be a fully developed interface. The input to the walkthrough also includes the user profile and the task cases. The evaluators may include human factors engineers, software developers, or people from marketing, documentation, etc. As the walkthrough proceeds, the evaluator asks four questions: (1) Will the users try to achieve the right effect? (2) Will the user notice that the correct action is available? (3) Will the user associate the correct action with the effect to be achieved? (4) If the correct action is performed, will the user see that progress is being made toward solution of the task? (Nielsen and Mack 1994). </span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">The users of the online course were defined as educated adult learners from business fields, some of who may only have basic computer skills while others may have intermediate e-business skills (e.g., building and operating an online store).</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Five typical tasks that most users would do during participating in the online course were identified as: (1) log on student account, (2) get access to the course material, (3) join the online conference, (4) participate in group discussion and (5) communicate with the instructor. The rest of this section documents the correct action sequence for each task and their evaluation result.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Log on Student Account</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">To log on student account, a user needs to (1) locate the log on portal and (2) enter the username and password. As for <i>Best Managers</i>, the &ldquo;Login Form&rdquo; is located on the left side below the main menu, which is apparent to users. Those who have previous login experience in other online service will easily identify that this is the first step before they can access to the membership area. Once they enter the correct login detail, they are NOT directed to a different page. Rather, they are still on the same page but the &ldquo;Login Form&rdquo; is changed to &ldquo;User Menu&rdquo;. As a result, the user may not realize whether they have successfully logged in or not.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>3.2<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Get access to the course material</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">To get access to the course material, a user needs to (1) locate the link to the course material, (2) click the link, (3) identify the sequencing of material, (4) open the presentations orderly, and (5) play the instructor&rsquo;s voice recording at each slide. After logging in <i>Best Managers</i>, users may not immediately realize the location of course material because, instead of displaying a &ldquo;course material&rdquo; link or section for navigation, the system directly provides users with the unit names of course. &ldquo;Internet Success&rdquo; and &ldquo;Business Success Tips&rdquo; are actually two links to the course material (see Figure 1). Users may not know about this until they try to click the links. In terms of the sequencing of material, basically it is easy to understand. The system suggests users use Firefox browser because the presentation and the voice recording can only display properly in Firefox, which is helpful for the users. However, traditional IE users may not know what to response to this warning because the system does not provide a link to download Firefox.</span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><img style="cursor: pointer" border="0" alt="Figure 1: User Menu" width="106" height="183" onclick="window.open('/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100117/1_100117203516_1.JPG')" src="http://www.hewenchao.com/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100117/1_100117203516_1.JPG" /><br />
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<div style="text-align: center; line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Figure 1: User Menu</span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>3.3<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Join the online conference</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">To join the online conference, a user needs to (1) locate the link to the third part online conferencing solution website, (2) click the link, and (3) wait for the conference organizer to approve the access. The link &ldquo;Join Class Meeting Online&rdquo; is apparent, but it is associated with the same icon as for course material, which is like a document (see Figure 2). This is not easy for users to quickly identify that the link is for the synchronous conference.</span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><img style="cursor: pointer" border="0" alt="Figure 2: Links in Course Material" width="431" height="425" onclick="window.open('/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100117/1_100117203618_1.JPG')" src="http://www.hewenchao.com/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100117/1_100117203618_1.JPG" /><br />
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<div style="text-align: center; line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Figure 2: Links in Course Material</span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>3.4<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Participate in group discussion</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">To participate in group discussion, a user needs to (1) locate the link to group discussion, (2) apply for joining the Google Group (if there is no Gmail account, sign up a Gmail account first), (3) wait for instructor&rsquo;s approval, and (4) log in the Google Group. Instead of display the group discussion link in the user menu, the system puts the link at the bottom of the page of course contents. Users may not realize that there is this service until they scroll down to the bottom. Those who have no previous experience of using Google Group or even have no Gmail account may feel confused or frustrated because there is no step-by-step instruction for signing up this service provided.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>3.5<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Communicate with the instructor</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">To communicate with the instructor, a user needs to (1) identify the available communication methods, and (2) communicate with the instructor using those methods. Best Managers provides users with two main methods for the communication&mdash;e-mail and telephone. The contact detail is located in the middle of the course material contents page and the last slide of each session. It is easy for users to find this information and use these two simple communication tools. However, once a user communicates with the instructor using e-mail or telephone, s/he may be requested to provide further details for verification, because these two methods do not utilize the information of login status. The users may introduce themselves every time they contact the instructor. However, this is not advised on the system. First-time users may not know they have to include their personal information (e.g., username) in their first e-mail to the instructor.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-size: large"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Heuristic Evaluation</span></strong></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Heuristic Evaluation is a technique for identifying usability issues. It is cheaper to conduct than formal usability testing and can be completed in a very short period at any stage of the design. A heuristic is a guideline or general principle or rule of thumb that can guide a design decision or be used to critique a decision that has already been made. Heuristic evaluation, developed by Jakob Nielsen and Rolf Molich, is a method for structuring the critique of a system using a set of relatively simple and general heuristics (Nielsen and Mack 1994; Gaffney 2000). For the evaluation of <i>Best Managers</i>, the author adopted and revised the heuristic evaluation instrument developed by Reeves and Hedberg (Reeves and Hedberg 2008). </span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>4.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Visibility of system status</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Guideline: The e-learning program keeps the learner informed about what is happening, through appropriate feedback within reasonable time.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Comments: <i>Best Managers</i> basically does not inform users about any update through the website. Instead, the instructor sent e-mails to the users to inform them the updates. Usually in the e-mail, the instructor asked the users to click some links to get access to the content that the instructor would like them to get access to. However, the users may not know how to get there from the website step-by-step without knowing the exact URL.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>4.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; User control and freedom</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Guideline: The e-learning program allows the learner to recover from input mistakes and provides a clearly marked &ldquo;emergency exit&rdquo; to leave an unwanted state without having to go through an extended dialogue.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Comments: Basically, <i>Best Managers</i> does not require users to input any information. It allows users to move around in the website, such as going back and review previous sections of the course materials. Users can leave the website or a session whenever desired. There is not any restriction or an extended dialogue. However, as the system does not remember a user&rsquo;s learning progress (e.g., which session has been learned), it is not easy to return to the closest logical point in the course.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>4.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Recognition rather than recall</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Guideline: The e-learning program makes objects, actions, and options visible so that the user does not have to remember information from one part of the program to another. Instructions for use of the program are visible or easily retrievable.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Comments: For each session, users of <i>Best Managers</i> can easily recognise how to go through the materials from the beginning to the end as expected. However, the system does not provide hints or directions when the user requests assistance. Although contextual assistance is not available, a section called &ldquo;Ask Sarah&rdquo; can answer users&rsquo; questions and it will send any unanswered questions to the instructor. This is supported by <i>Virtual Smart Agent.</i> However, the robot could not answer many questions properly as the author tried to ask her some question about the course materials. </span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>4.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Interactivity</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Guideline: The e-learning program provides content-related interactions and tasks that support meaningful learning.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Comments: <i>Best Managers</i> does not have many interactions that support meaningful learning. The main learning activity is to watch the instructor&rsquo;s PowerPoint presentation associating with his voice recording. Users and the instructor do not interact except for e-mails and online conference. It appears that there is no human-machine interaction through out the course.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>4.5<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Message Design</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Guideline: The e-learning program presents information in accord with sound principles of information-processing theory.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Comments: According to Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller 1988; Sweller 1989), learning will become effective if different sources of information are related but not exactly the same. The presentations of <i>Best Managers </i>are in accord with this theory. The instructor&rsquo;s speech elaborates what a user is watching, no matter the user is watching a slide or the screen recording of operating on a software or website interface. Such combination of information can facilitate learning effectively.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>4.6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Learning Management</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Guideline: The e-learning program enables learners to monitor their progress through the material.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Comments: <i>Best Managers</i> does not enable users to monitor their progress through the material. Users may not possess an adequate understanding of what they have completed and what remains to be done within any specific session. Assessment is also not available.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>4.7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Feedback</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Guideline: The e-learning program provides feedback that is contextual and relevant to the problem or task in which the learner is engaged.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Comments: In<i> Best Managers</i>, feedback is provided when users ask the instructor questions via e-mail, within Google Group or in online conference. As users&rsquo; learning progress is not monitored nor recorded, feedback may not be given at a specific time tailored to the content being studied, problem being solved or task being completed by the users.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-size: large"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reflection and Discussion</span></strong></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>5.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cognitive Walkthrough</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Cognitive Walkthrough can be implemented by one usability expert. It is independent from end users and helps designers to take on a potential user&rsquo;s perspective. By using this instrument, the author could effectively identify the problems of the e-learning environment that are directly related to the typical tasks that the end users will perform. Such problems may be fixed at an early stage and prevent end users from meeting critical system errors. The instrument also helps define users&rsquo; goals and assumptions when the author applied it (i.e., to identify the typical tasks). This method uses fewer resources (time, personnel and equipment) than actual user performance testing. However, Cognitive Walkthrough is more dependent upon evaluators&rsquo; biases and subjective comments. When the author applied this instrument, sometimes he was not completely sure whether his subjective comments were correct or not. The author would wonder if the errors and problems found using the Cognitive Walkthrough may be less severe than those found in user testing. Previous experiences of similar situation will always influence the evaluator&rsquo;s decision, but the influence will not always lead to a correct conclusion. Or if the evaluator&rsquo;s memory is incorrect or incomplete, potential errors may not be found or in some cases new errors may be introduced. Furthermore, untrained evaluators have been found to produce poorer results (Polson, Lewis et al. 1992; Lewis and Wharton 1997; Barnum 2002).</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><i>5.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Heuristic Evaluation</i></span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Heuristic Evaluation can identify problems very early in the development of the documentation. The heuristic statements or guidelines are based on experts&rsquo; experience. By using a heuristic evaluation to identify problem areas in the documentation, it can provide a focus for a later user performance evaluation. Heuristic evaluations can produce high quality results in a limited time because this method does not involve detailed scripting or time-consuming participant recruiting. Instead, the author could quickly comment on <i>Best Managers</i> from various aspects which was found important and critical by previous usability evaluation experts. However, Desurvire (1994) points out that experts using heuristic evaluation found 80% of the minor annoyances that users might experience, but only 29% of the problems that were likely to cause task failure (the most severe problems). Expert evaluation of the documentation produces results that are not actual &quot;primary&quot; user data. Real users often have problems we do not expect and do not have problems where experts might expect them; therefore, it does not necessarily indicate which problems users will encounter most frequently (Desurvire 1994; Sears 1997). Furthermore, as the author used the instrument, he found it difficult to determine which heuristic statements are really suitable for the case, and the author was also worried about some heuristic statements might be missing but essential for <i>Best Manager</i>.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-size: large"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conclusion</span></span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">By using the two instruments, the author found that <i>Best Manager </i>had a number of problems. However, both of the instruments involved much subjective decision. The result may be different from end user testing. This is the common drawback of the two evaluation methods. As a result, further actual testing is needed for more accurate evaluation results.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt"><strong><span style="font-size: large"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; References</span></span></strong></div>
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<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Barnum, C. M. (2002). <u>Usability testing and research</u>. New York, Longman Publishing Group.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Desurvire, H. W. (1994). Faster cheaper! Are usability inspection methods as effective as empirical testing? <u>Usability inspection methods</u>. J. Nielsen and R. L. Mack. New York, John Wiley &amp; Sons: 185.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Gaffney, G. (2000). &quot;What is Usability Review?&quot;&nbsp;&nbsp; Retrieved March 20, 2009, from </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt"><a href="http://www.infodesign.com.au/usabilityresources/evaluation/conductingusabilityreviews.asp"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">http://www.infodesign.com.au/usabilityresources/evaluation/conductingusabilityreviews.asp</span></span></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Lewis, C. and C. Wharton (1997). Cognitive Walkthroughs. <u>Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction</u>. M. Helander. Amsterdam, Elsevier: 717-732.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Nielsen, J., Ed. (1993). <u>Usability Engineering</u>. London, Academic Press.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Nielsen, J. and R. Mack, Eds. (1994). <u>Usability Inspection Methods</u>. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Polson, P. G., C. Lewis, et al. (1992). &quot;Cognitive walkthroughs: a method for theory-based evaluation of user interfaces.&quot; <u>International Journal of Man-Machine Studies</u> 36: 741-773.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Reeves, T. C. and J. G. Hedberg (2008). <u>Evaluating e-Learning: a user-friendly guide (in press)</u>.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Sears, A. L. (1997). &quot;Heuristic walkthroughs: Finding problems without the noise.&quot; <u>International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction</u> 9(3): 213-234.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Sweller, J. (1988). &quot;Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning.&quot; <u>Cognitive Science</u> 12: 257-285.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="line-height: 17pt; text-indent: -36pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">Sweller, J. (1989). &quot;Cognitive technology: Some procedures for facilitating learning and problem solving in mathematics and science.&quot; <u>Journal of Educational Psychology</u> 81: 457-466.</span></span></div>
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		<title>关于一信息科技公司的变革的案例研究 A Case Study on the Change of an IT Company</title>
		<link>http://www.hewenchao.com/2007/case-study-change-it-company-china/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=case-study-change-it-company-china</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 21 Sep 2007 14:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[信息技术]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[教育技术]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[经济与管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[e-learning]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[公司]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[悉尼大学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[案例研究]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[这是我在上"Learning and Change: a Systems View"这门课的时候，用Ideal Types of Process of Organizational Change模型分析的案例，讲述的是校讯通公司在其发展历程上的组织变革，写于2007年8月15日。  <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2007/case-study-change-it-company-china/">关于一信息科技公司的变革的案例研究 A Case Study on the Change of an IT Company</a></span>]]></description>
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<p align="center"><span style="font-size: x-large"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>A Case Study on the Change of an IT Company in China</strong></font></span></p>
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<p align="center"><span style="font-size: large"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>From the Perspective of Ideal Types of Process of Organizational Change</strong></font></span></p>
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<p align="center"><span style="font-size: medium"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>He, Wenchao</strong></font></span></p>
<p align="center"><span style="font-size: medium"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>CoCo Research Centre, University of Sydney, Australia</strong></font></span></p>
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<h1 id="a1.Case"><font face="Times New Roman">1. Case</font><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></h1>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3">I&nbsp;used to&nbsp;work&nbsp;at Longxing Information Technology Company in China as an educational project designer, an innovative position in the company. The main product of the company is School Messenger, a system helps communicate between school teachers and parents via mobile phone and internet. This kind of product, including its business mode (see Figure 1), is so successful in China that more and more IT companies have started to get involved in this domain and tried to take up as more market share as possible.</font> </font></font></p>
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<p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong><i><img border="undefined" alt="" onload="javascript:if(this.width&gt;740)this.width=740" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/091230/0K01412X-0.jpg" /></i></strong></font></font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><strong><i>Figure 1:</i></strong><i> the Basic Business Mode for School Messenger</i></font> </font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3">With School Messenger, teachers can send SMS to parents on line easily and parents can make feedback to a specific teacher immediately. The content of the message are mainly about the performance of the kids, homework, school notice, guidance for family education, etc. The system also records all the information of students that their teachers and parents write. Furthermore, new teachers of a class can get aware of the situation about their students by looking through the records easily. So long as having enough computers in teachers?offices, most schools including kindergartens would like to accept this free service and let parents pay for it through their mobile service providers, China Mobile and China Unicom, which are the two monopolizers of mobile service in China. Parents reserve the right to accept or refuse the service but they have one semester&#8217;s trial before making decision.</font> </font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">As Longxing was the first few companies exploited this service in China several years ago, so it has developed a large number of contracted schools and parents users and got stead monthly cash income. At the same time, Longxing kept outspreading its branches in other cities to develop its business. </font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Based on this, the CEO of the company was thinking two problems: </font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>(1) How to persuade more parents to subscribe for the service?</strong> Although many schools leaders had tried their best help promote this service and let Longxing arrange client service representatives to hold lectures in schools and even at parents meetings, some parents (35% averagely) still refused to pay for this service and some of them even had no interest in the free trial. <br />
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>(2) How to utilize the current good marketing channels to produce more profit?</strong> Since the company had developed some many fluent marketing channels in educational domain, it would be a great waste if Longxing only sell the service of School Messenger in the marketing process. </font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">In order to solve these two problems, the boss decided to create new positions for those who were good at both education and information technology. Then I became one of the team of three educational project designers and our direct boss was the CEO. At that time, we tried to change our company&#8217;s mission from providing good tools for communication to providing good educational value. To achieve this, we mainly promoted the change process of the company by the following approaches: </font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>(1) Products:</strong> exclude the system of School Messenger, we try to develop other educational projects such as training courses, summer camp, reading festival, lecture, family education counseling conference, etc. <br />
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>(2) Client Service:</strong> our client service representatives should not only provide technical support and promote the sales in schools but also guide teachers for appropriate usage of the system for educational purposes. At the same time, they offered more help for parents when they got trouble with communications with the schools.<br />
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>(3) Management:</strong> a. to create more positions for the change and to clarify the descriptions of the jobs; b. to provide more training courses on education and psychological for our client service representatives in summer and winter holidays; c. adjust the criteria of evaluation, especially for client service representatives. </font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3">More details about the change will be included in the section of Analysis.</font> </font></font></p>
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<h1 id="a2.Analysis"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman">2. Analysis</font></font></h1>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Poole et al introduced four different types of process theories that explained the change behaviors in organizations: life cycle, teleological, dialectical and evolutionary. They suggested that these four basic types of theories were adequate alone or combined to explain all specific theories of organizational change and development. (Poole et al, 2000) </font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3">Changes in an organization concerning educational industry and informational industry usually have a complex process which can be observed and analyzed based on different aspects. So in this section, I would like to use Poole et al&#8217;s theories to seek for deeper insight into the case.</font> </font></font></font></p>
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<h2 id="a1LifeCycleTheory"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman">(1) Life Cycle Theory</font></font></font></h2>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3">The life cycle theory assumes that changes are imminent. The outside events and processes may affect the development, but they are still filtered thorough immanent logic. There exists in advance path that depicts the trajectory until the end state. In a life cycle, the change experiences 4 stages which are Startup, Grow, Harvest and Terminate. (See Figure 2)</font> </font></font></font></font></p>
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<p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><img border="undefined" alt="" onload="javascript:if(this.width&gt;740)this.width=740" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/091230/0K01415a-1.jpg" /><br />
<font size="3"><i><strong>Figure 2:</strong> Life Cycle Model (Poole et al, 2000, p. 66)</i> </font></font></font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">In the case of Longxing, macroscopically the company was in Stage 2. Since it has developed enough amount of contracted schools and effectively prevented potential competitors&#8217;s inbreak in Stage 1 ?Startup, then it was time for it to make full use of these contracted schools and to improve their products and services. Microscopically, the old mode of operating the service of School Messenger, mainly providing just a tool for teachers and parents, had come to Stage 4 ?nbsp;Terminate while an updated mode of services was to start in a new life cycle. </font></font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">I think Figure 3, which is a business life cycle mode, may integrate these two perspectives?characteristics rather than using two cycles to describe. </font></font></font></font></p>
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<p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><img border="undefined" alt="" onload="javascript:if(this.width&gt;740)this.width=740" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/091230/0K0146161-2.jpg" /><br />
<i><font size="3"><strong>Figure 3:</strong> How Businesses Grow (Resource: </font><a class="ext-link" href="http://www.empowersolutions.com.au/Business_Growth.shtml"><span class="icon"><font size="3">http://www.empowersolutions.com.au/Business_Growth.shtml</font></span></a><font size="3">)</font></i><font size="3"> </font></font></font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Longxing was then in the state of Growing pains in which the company had to look for new approaches for further development that might determine whether Longxing went continually to Maturity and Decay or met its 2nd Youth. </font></font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Hence, it is obvious that the CEO was pretty wise to lead the significant change when Longxing met the two main problems described above. </font></font></font></font></p>
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<h2 id="a2TeleologicalTheory"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman">(2) Teleological Theory</font></font></font></font></h2>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3">Teleological Theory indicates that the development of an organizational entity proceeds towards a goal or an end state. Purposeful cooperation is the grounding idea behind the teleological theory where the goal formulation, implementation, evaluation and modification of goals based on what was learned repeat in a sequence. Also the developing entity is purposeful and adaptive, by itself or in interaction with others. This theory allows the participants to be more innovative and free to choose their goal as well as their means to achieve it.</font> </font></font></font></font></font></p>
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<p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong><i><img border="undefined" alt="" onload="javascript:if(this.width&gt;740)this.width=740" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/091230/0K0142c5-3.jpg" /></i></strong></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong><i>Figure 4:</i></strong><i> Teleological Model (Poole et al, 2000, p. 66)</i> </font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Analyzing based on Figure 4 ?Teleological Model, we can find that the subsequent changes on products, services and management in Longxing were led from the goals that the CEO set. The new team of stuff reified the thoughts about dissatisfaction and set the goals for solutions in detail. </font></font></font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">However, actually we found out that there would be many problems in the process from Set/Envision Goals to Implement Goals where we might have not enough privilege to utilize every resource that we needed, e.g. we could not ask client service section for too much previous users?data, could not do what human resources managers should have done (e.g. composing descriptions for new positions and adjusting the evaluation criteria), etc. This is the risk for Teleological Model, as the company may fail to control the processes in an envisioned manner. In most situations, those processes leading to significant changes need more authoritative leaders involved in. As designers, sometimes we could only stand aside and saw what was happening when the boss was too busy to manage everything. </font></font></font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3">So for the case of Longxing and similar situations, the emphases are not noticing the dissatisfactions but making sure those who concerned keep going in the right ways to achieve the goals under the supervision of their bosses, especially for significant and fatal changes.</font> </font></font></font></font></font></p>
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<h2 id="a3DialecticalTheory"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman">(3) Dialectical Theory</font></font></font></font></font></h2>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Dialectical Theory explains stability and change by reference to the relative balance of power between opposing entities. Stability is produced through struggles and accommodations that maintain the status quo between oppositions. Change occurs when these opposing values, forces, or events gain sufficient power to confront and engage the status quo. The relative power or legitimacy of an antithesis may mobilize to a sufficient degree to challenge the current thesis or state of affairs and set the stage for producing a synthesis. </font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">The thesis and antithesis which made Longxing come to an internal conflict, were two different believes: instrumental rationality and value rationality. If we considered we were providing tools for teachers and parents to communicate, we should give great effort on improving the technical functions of the system and try our to produce tools to help teachers?and parents?controlling the children. If we turned to consider that we were to create and convey educational value for students, we should invest in training our client service representatives to be educational exports who could provide professional guidance for teachers and parents to utilize the tools in appropriate ways. </font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">We noticed that many teachers just send all the information about the children to their parents directly without further instructions, e.g. telling the parents that their kid was late for school or did not finish homework but not making any suggestion indicating what parents should do at home based on the situations. As a result, more and more children hated this service and parents then felt that the service always made them in trouble or embarrassed. All these things led to a synthesis after the conflict in which we still reserved the main functions of the system but create additional features helping teachers and parents achieving their educational goals. </font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<h2>&nbsp;</h2>
<h2 id="a4EvolutionaryTheory"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></font></font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman">4) Evolutionary Theory</font></font></font></font></font></font></h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Evolutionary Theory explains change as a recurrent, cumulative, and probabilistic progression of variation, selection, and retention of organizational entities. This motor is prescribed in the sense that one can specify the actuarial probabilities of parameters in differential equations to explain reproduction processes or the changing demographic characteristics of the population of entities inhabiting a niche. While one cannot predict which individual entity survives or fails, the aggregate population persists and evolves through time according to the specified population dynamics. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">In terms of evolution, I think many rules in business are similar to the nature. Those companies?turnover cannot bear the cost may go bankrupt soon. Furthermore, companies should also pursue potential extra profit and avoid possible risks. If Longxing insisted on the old mode of service, it might be abandoned by the customers later. In order to &quot;be selected&quot; by the world of business, Longxing always try its best to adjust the way of development. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Evolutionary theory not only explains the change of an organization, but also reminds us to be stronger! Or we might become history! </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<h2>&nbsp;</h2>
<h2 id="a5Compositetheories"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman">(5) Composite theories</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">It may be not enough for one theory mentioned above to describe and explain most phenomena of the case. Now I try to compose these two or three theories to demonstrate some specific arguments of the case. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">a. Interaction of Life Cycle and Teleological Motors. As seen in Figure 3, while the whole company was in a specific stage of the business cycle, there should be relative goals for it to achieve. For example, when it was in the stage of Start-up, one of the important goals was to snatch the market share as soon as possible by making contracts with schools. When it had come to stage of Growing Pains, its goals were to solve emerging problems and to prepare for its 2nd Youth. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">b. Interaction of Life Cycle, Teleological and Evolutionary Motors. We may ignore the cycles for Longxing&#8217;s product modes themselves when we discuss their development on the assumption that this kind of product is reasonable from the initial state. However, there had been a difficult time for Longxing when this product was still not accepted by the government. The precondition of its development is its validity by law. The disputes about whether School Messenger could infringe children&#8217;s privacy and whether it might lead schools leaders to accept rake-off, were the barriers for Longxing at the beginning. In order to continue their business, it should be &quot;selected&quot; by the environment, e.g. getting support from the government. The process of changing the infaust situation could be accelerated by evolutionary motors. Since this be clear, then we can easily get aware of it later development from the perspectives of Life Cycle and Teleological Theory mentioned above. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<h1>&nbsp;</h1>
<h1 id="a3.Discussion"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman">3. Discussion</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h1>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">I have thought that the change in Longxing could have been more successful if its organizational learning mode could be more reasonable. Though history does not allow any &quot;if&quot;, I still try to discuss it here with the theories of Single- and Double Loop Learning (Argyris, C., &amp; Schon, D. A., 1996, pp. 20-25). </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">By single-loop Learning, we mean instrumental learning that changes strategies of action or assumptions underlying strategies in ways that leave the values of theory of action unchanged. By double-loop learning, we mean learning that results in a change in the values of theory-in-use, as well as in its strategies and assumptions. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Having decided to adjust the business strategies, as an agent of Longxing, the CEO started up the organizational learning within the whole parent company. Selectively referencing the suggestion from we educational project designers, he asked every stuff concerned to discuss and explore his new ideas on the changes of products, services and management. Then they made up new decisions together at the end of every weekly meeting that period. Their learning model was like Figure 5. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><img border="undefined" alt="" onload="javascript:if(this.width&gt;740)this.width=740" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/091230/0K0142313-4.jpg" /><br />
<font size="3"><strong><i>Figure 5:</i></strong><i> Learning Model in Longxing</i> </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">The CEO did know that the previous values and norms of the company needed to be adjusted. However, he failed to redefine the problems which helped create new appropriate plans for next actions. This means he did not&nbsp;lead the organization to complete the whole double-loop learning. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Our team has done this for him but he did not accept it and refused to admit the redefined problems. What we suggested was that it would be benefit for the company to set up a isolated department for educational project which could be developed to a isolated educational company becoming a member of Longxing Group. Then the goal for Longxing should be Longxing Education? This might help to promote its new educational belief and brand. Nobody would trust an IT company&#8217;s own educational belief but the society may accept an educational organization&#8217;s technological product and other additional services. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">However, our boss did&nbsp;not think the original framework of an information technology company and its branches might be the original causes for potential failure of educational projects held in the future. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3">Therefore, the changes of values and norms were still kept in the staff”s mind. What they did still obey to the framework of a typical IT company. So the speed of the reform remained low?</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<h1>&nbsp;</h1>
<h1 id="a4.Conclusion"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman">4. Conclusion</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h1>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">When we apply the Poole et al&#8217;s theories to analyze a case, we may find out its reasonableness. However, when the theories can explain the episodes satisfactorily and even perfectly, does it mean what the dramatis personae in the case has achieved the optimal status based on the given situation? Sometimes, it would be better than we could imagine. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">On the other hand, though we know the optimal status and the approaches to achieve, we still don&#8217;t do that. Why? This is because sometimes a change of a bad habit may be worse than the bad habit itself! Who could bear the responsibilities for the devastating consequences if the organizational change was too innovative? Hence, though insist that Longxing could be much better now if it set up completive double-loop learning rather than single-loop learning, I can also accept the middle course and I don&#8217;t think the CEO did any wrong. </font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<h1>&nbsp;</h1>
<h1 id="a5.References"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman">5. References</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h1>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Argyris, C., &amp; Schon, D. A. (1996). Organizational learning II: Theory, method and practice. Reading: Addison-Wesley.&nbsp;<br />
</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Fullan, M. (2001). The new meaning of educational change (3rd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press. <br />
</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Maani, K., &amp; Cavana, R. Y. (2000). Systems thinking and modelling: Understanding change and complexity. Auckland, NZ: Prentice Hall. <br />
</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Poole, M. S., van de Ven, A., Dooley, K., &amp; Holmes, M. E. (2000). Organizational change and innovation processes. Theories and methods for research. New York: Oxford University Press. <br />
</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">Empower Business Solusion. Business Growth: Where is Your Business?. </font><a class="ext-link" href="http://www.empowersolutions.com.au/Business_Growth.shtml"><span class="icon"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">http://www.empowersolutions.com.au/Business_Growth.shtml</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>教育在移动通信时代中的延伸与整合——珠海市龙星信息技术有限公司实习报告</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 26 Feb 2007 14:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[信息技术]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[我的本科毕业实习是在珠海龙星信息技术有限公司增值服务部里开展的，主要工作包括开发校讯通教育增值服务，对珠海市内各类适合青少年和家长的教育资源进行调研，策划具体的服务项目，联系与整合有关资源，撰写项目分析报告、内部操作流程与规则、对外宣传文书等。这篇实习报告将总结我在实习期间对校讯通业务内容、业务渠道、新业务开发、以及机遇与挑战等方面的认识，完稿于2007年1月18日。 <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2007/xiao-xun-tong-shi-xi-bao-gao/">教育在移动通信时代中的延伸与整合——珠海市龙星信息技术有限公司实习报告</a></span>]]></description>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;">教育在<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e7%a7%bb%e5%8a%a8/" title="查看 移动 中的全部文章" target="_blank">移动</a></span>通信时代中的延伸与整合</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>&mdash;&mdash;<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e7%8f%a0%e6%b5%b7/" title="查看 珠海 中的全部文章" target="_blank">珠海</a></span>市<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e9%be%99%e6%98%9f/" title="查看 龙星 中的全部文章" target="_blank">龙星</a></span>信息技术有限公司<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%ae%9e%e4%b9%a0%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a/" title="查看 实习报告 中的全部文章" target="_blank">实习报告</a></span></strong></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">北京师范大学珠海分校教育学院教育经营系&nbsp; 何文超&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></o:p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">2007年1月18日</span></o:p></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></o:p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></o:p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>一、&nbsp; <!--[endif]-->实习工作概述</strong></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 我的毕业实习是在珠海是龙星信息技术有限公司增值服务部里开展的。龙星公司是一家为中国移动和中国<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%81%94%e9%80%9a/" title="查看 联通 中的全部文章" target="_blank">联通</a></span>提供<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e6%a0%a1%e8%ae%af%e9%80%9a/" title="查看 校讯通 中的全部文章" target="_blank">校讯通</a></span>业务的技术支持与客户服务的SP公司，目前在广东有七家分公司，省外在新疆和甘肃也设有分公司。我在公司里主要的工作是开发校讯通教育增值服务，对珠海市内各类适合青少年和家长的教育资源进行调研，策划具体的服务项目，联系与整合有关资源，撰写项目分析报告、内部操作流程与规则、对外宣传文书等。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为期九周的实习期里，我主要与一同实习的搭档在调研、洽谈、论证的基础上，共同完成了《校讯通增值服务开发与运营策划简案》、《2007年珠海&ldquo;校讯通&rdquo;增值服务计划》、《&ldquo;中国移动&bull;新东方&rdquo;2007高考寒假特训营策划》、《珠海市家庭教育调查问卷》、《关于&ldquo;快乐成长计划&ldquo;商业模式的建议》等策划，并且落实相关工作。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 总的来说，毕业实习工作让我真正地把所学的专业知识运用的真实的商业环境当中，同时拓宽了我的知识面和交际面，为真正从学校走出社会做了相当的准备。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>二、&nbsp; <!--[endif]-->校讯通业务</strong></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">（一）校讯通业务的主要内容</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 校讯通业务是把家长和学校的老师们紧密联系起来的一种工具。&ldquo;望子成龙成凤&rdquo;不仅是父母的心愿，也是老师辛勤工作的目的，在孩子身心发育的这段时期，学校、老师和家长之间的密切配合，特别是家长与老师之间即时交流就显得尤为重要。而家长每天忙于工作，忙于为孩子创造良好的经济环境，不可能每时每刻都关注孩子的学习与表现。目前，学校与家长的交流主要通过家长会、电话联系、家访等。可一位班主任老师要管理数十名的学生，其时间、精力都有限，家长们难以及时了解到子女在校教育的情况。若家长常打电话给老师，又怕打扰老师，可不打电话又无法得知孩子的近况，家长常处在一种矛盾的境地。校讯通业务正是在此背景下应运而生。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 在这个信息化的社会中，短信可以起到比电话甚至互联网都无法达到的作用，&ldquo;校讯通&rdquo;就是利用手机短信方式，使学校与家长、老师与家长沟通的一种新型交流模式，只要拥有一部手机，就可以随时随地的掌握到孩子在学校的学习成绩、表现情况、等等状况。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &ldquo;校讯通&rdquo;主要是以三种方式来实现老师与家长之间的沟通：</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--> 1、手机短信方式：老师通过校讯通短信平台，将孩子在学校的表现情况、考勤情况、测验考试成绩、学校的动态和临时通知等发送给家长，让家长在百忙之中也可以轻松掌握孩子的基本动态，同时，家长也可以将孩子在家的表现及在教育中遇到的困难以短信的方式发送到&ldquo; 家校通 &rdquo; 短信平台老师专用的邮箱，您与老师之间的沟通就不再受到时间与空间的限制，随时随地的掌握孩子基本动态，及时获得老师的指点和帮助。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2、网站服务方式： 家校通建立了专业的网站，并且给每位老师及家长分配了帐户及密码，家长可以在上面查看孩子的信息或其它教育话题的信息。网站还为老师与家长提供了短信邮箱，老师和家长也可以在网上查询或发送互动留言，网站还设置了相关的栏目，并聘请了各学科资深的教育专家在线辅导，欢迎大家登陆我们的网站浏览。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3、<!--[endif]-->人工秘书服务方式：学校设立一个家校通秘书台，专门帮助老师及家长解决使用家校通过程中所遇到的问题，如果您不方便上网，可以至电秘书台，会为您提供相关的教育服务信息，或联系服务中心帮您查看信息与老师进行网上沟通等。家校通秘书台24小时为您服务。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">（二）校讯通业务的利益体系</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">这种业务之所以能迅速发展，是因为该业务相关的利益主体都较好地实现其利益诉求。我分析其利益体系可以这样表述：</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1、移动、联通：通过校讯通业务获得业务月租50%的收入。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2、龙星公司：通过校讯通业务获得业务月租50%的收入。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3、<!--[endif]-->签约学校：在不需要付出任何费用的情况下，使用信息化管理系统进行各项行政管理（此系统内包含校讯通短信平台），并且有专门的客服人员为其作相关的系统操作培训，从而学校各项工作的效率；同时在使用校讯通的过程中，让家长予以更好的配合，从而提高学校的教学效能。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4、老师：方便地利用系统管理学生的档案资料（包括成绩、评语、沟通记录等）。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5、家长：更方便地与老师进行沟通，获得关于孩子在校情况的信息，获得家庭教育的指导，提高家庭教育的效能。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6、<!--[endif]-->学生：由于老师对家长进行了指导，从而让家长避免了许多家教误区，对孩子采取科学的教育手段，最终孩子获得来自父母的更多的理解、关爱和指导。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->7、政府：由于信息化是教育强市等各种评比活动中的重要指标，校讯通业务的推广将有利于在各种相关评估中取得更好的成绩。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 这种利益体系可以说是多方共赢，其关键点就在于老师是否能真正地有效使用这个系统，给家长发送符合教育规律的信息，而不是把学生在校表现，特别是负面信息，直接&ldquo;客观&rdquo;地发送给家长，把问题留给家长。一旦老师在这个问题上把握不好，发送过多负面信息的话，那么整个利益体系就会崩溃&mdash;&mdash;孩子变得更叛逆，从而抵触校讯通系统，学校限于尴尬，政府则由于避忌&ldquo;官商勾结&rdquo;的舆论而不再大力推广，最终无论是移动和联通还是龙星都无法实现自己的利益&hellip;&hellip;因此，我认为龙星公司一旦把市场占领稳妥以后，其下一步应该做的事情就是培训一支精通家庭教育原理的客服人员，让客服人员指导在校老师科学地使用校讯通系统。也就是说，要维持这个利益体系稳妥发展下去，客服人员不能仅仅是从技术上教老师如何使用系统，更重要的是指导老师如何在内容上提高其教育效能。同时，公司还应该定期举办一些交流会，让老师们交流使用校讯通的心得。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>三、&nbsp; <!--[endif]-->优质的教育营销渠道</strong></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">（一）渠道的形成</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 当签约学校的数量越来越多的时候，也就意味着一个优质的教育营销渠道的形成。这具体表现为以下几点：</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1、<!--[endif]-->人脉关系：由于在日常服务过程中少不了客服人员与学校老师和领导的交流和沟通，因此这样很容易建立起一个稳定的人际网络。这个网络里相互传达的信息都具备了信任筹码，相应的工作也做到相互配合。因此，如果校讯通要推广一些教育服务产品的话，可以利用现有的关系，让学校安排在家长会上进行演讲，或者安排发放传单以及口头在班上通知。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2、信息传递平台：由于掌握了用户的各种信息，如手机号码、背景信息等，可以在必要的时候发送短信以进行非常有针对性的宣传（例如可以选择某些学校某些年级的家长）；此外，由于家长和老师经常登陆校讯通网络平台进行相关操作，因此随着网络平台的人流量的上升，其广告平台的价值也就越发地凸现。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3、<!--[endif]-->话费工具：这校讯通体系里，推广各种教育服务产品的一个重要武器就是&ldquo;预存话费&rdquo;。我们往往可以通过&ldquo;预存话费&rdquo;的形式来获得一笔现金，然后再用来购买某种服务或产品，最后&ldquo;免费&rdquo;提供给用户。对于用户来说，寸进去的话费将来也是自己用的；对于移动和联通公司来说，话费往往只是一个数字而已，他们一般会把预存话费看作是一种促销手段，在短期内获得较多的现金。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">（二）渠道的利用</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 利用这个优质的营销渠道，我们可以开发出各种各样的教育服务。作为龙星公司，我们可以在采购和运营支出与经费和话费收入之间获得一定的差额，即操作每一个教育项目后，均可以获得一定的利润（但也不排除最终是亏损）。此外，如果不采用采购的形式，可以搭建平台让教育服务产品供应机构直接向用户提供优惠，我们在已掌握的营销渠道里为该合作机构作宣传，除了机构缴纳保证金以外，我们与之基本不发生其他现金交易。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 这个利用过程可以通过下图来表示：</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img width="491" height="369" border="0" onclick="window.open('/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100227/1_100227193329_1.gif')" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="增值服务开发与运作模式图" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100227/1_100227193329_1.gif" /></div>
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<p align="center" style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">增值服务开发与运作模式图</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p>&nbsp;  <o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></o:p></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 相关解释：</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1、方案提交：龙星公司在对珠海教育市场进行分析调研的基础上，设计出符合中小学幼儿园学生和家长需求的项目，形成具体方案，提交给移动公司。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2、基本经费：移动公司若同意龙星公司提出的教育项目，则向龙星公司划拨一笔基本经费，用于作为该项目的启动资金。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3、策划组织：龙星公司运用自身的资源，按照项目方案的要求，成立项目小组，策划和组织整个项目的实施。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4、存话费：用户为了参与某个项目，而按照要求到移动营业厅预存话费。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5、<!--[endif]-->送点数：移动营业厅接到用户的预存话费后，给用户的&ldquo;校讯通学习卡&rdquo;上注入相应的学习&ldquo;点数&rdquo;。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6、参与：用户获得了点数后，则凭点数参与项目。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->7、扣点数：项目接纳用户的参与要求，则扣除用户学习卡上相应的事前宣传规定的点数。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->8、<!--[endif]-->按共扣点数提费：项目组扣除用户点数后，则根据约定的换算标准，向移动公司索取共扣点数对应的费用。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->9、监督评估：移动公司可以对项目进行全程跟踪，评估其为移动带来的市场价值。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->10、项目收益：龙星公司按照共扣点数向移动公司提费后，扣除项目组操作该项目的成本后，为龙星公司的收入。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->11、采购：龙星公司为了完成该项目，将通过招商的方式，选择教育相关服务的各类供应商作为合作方，并且支通过采购的方式请供应商提供项目内容。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->12、分成：部分供应商要求按照人头对项目进行分成。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->13、优惠、付费、保证金：为了使我们提供的增值服务的种类尽可能多，我们将搭建一个渠道，让供应商给我们的用户提供优惠政策，用户凭卡获的优惠，但是供应商必须交纳一定保证金，保证用户凭卡获得约定的优惠，并且优惠只对我们的用户有效。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">（二）渠道的局限</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 上述优质渠道实际很大程度上是对于移动和联通公司来说的，那是因为龙星公司所要开发的增值服务，都必须在移动或者联通的授权下以其名义进行推广。龙星公司自行开发新的收费项目是移动和联通所不支持的，关于这一点，在SP合同内也写得很清楚&mdash;&mdash;SP公司不得擅自设立新的项目，所有新的产品和服务都必须上报，经过论证和审批后方可执行。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 此外，外界的教育机构如何希望更顺畅地推广其服务产品的话，龙星公司也往往容易陷入尴尬的局面，因为龙星不希望自身仅仅成为一个广告的平台，而是希望自身能够真正地为用户提供满足其需求的服务，并且应该在自己的体系下开展，而不是把用户资源转移到其他机构以获得所谓的广告费。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 因此，据我的观察和分析，如果龙星公司作为国内五十多家同类公司的一员，希望在同行中脱颖而出，在保持自身的竞争力的同时获得新的增长点的话，那么就应该往综合的教育服务集团公司的方向走。从技术主导型向内容主导型过渡，或者以技术公司和教育培训中心两者相辅相成的格局发展，这样可以在不同的场合使用公司内不同的资源（某些时候以技术公司名义做事，某些时候以培训中心名义做事），最终大大提高自身的综合竞争力。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span><strong><span style="font-size: large;">四、&nbsp; <!--[endif]-->当教育遇上移动与联通之争</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">（一）校讯通学习卡</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 移动和联通作为国内两大移动通信运营商，两者之间的竞争近年来有增无减，各自都希望通过各种途径在保证自身客户不流失的基础上激发对方的客户转网，同时吸引尚未使用手机的人士入网。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 作为移动和联通的SP公司，龙星也被卷入了这场没有硝烟的斗争之中。移动作为实力较强的一方，能够投入更多的资源到竞争事业当中，因此龙星选择了移动作为战略合作伙伴，在移动提供足够经费或者提供令人满意的提成方案的基础上，帮助移动策划各类增值服务进行相关的促销。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 我们实习的重要内容就是要为龙星公司设计一套让移动在业内取得更多的优势同时又能实现龙星公司的利益的方案。经过一番调查和<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6/" title="查看 研究 中的全部文章" target="_blank">研究</a></span>，我们最终策划推出一款能够一卡多用的&ldquo;校讯通&rdquo;学习卡，它的主要功能是&mdash;&mdash;进出校门刷卡、记录&ldquo;点数&rdquo;以及凭卡获得特约合作机构的优惠。我们以此卡作为载体，以所合作的教育机构的服务和产品为核心，以排他性供应模式为直接手段，构建出一个吸引入网、转网和定制校讯通业务的良性循环的盈利模型，见下图：</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img width="617" height="483" border="0" onclick="window.open('/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100227/1_100227194302_1.gif')" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="校讯通学习卡盈利模型图" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/100227/1_100227194302_1.gif" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><strong>校讯通学习卡盈利模型图</strong></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[endif]--><!--[if mso &#038; !supportInlineShapes &#038; supportFields]><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026"<br />
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:528pt;height:448.25pt'><br />
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<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 我们初步策划的合作机构可以分为以下类别：</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1、<!--[endif]-->家庭教育机构：提供家庭教育方面的讲座、培训、咨询等服务。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2、补习教育机构：提供应试的课外补习辅导课程。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3、<!--[endif]-->外语教育机构：提供非应试的外语培训课程。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4、<!--[endif]-->特长教育机构：提供针对中小学生的特长培训课程，如乐器、书法、绘画、武术等。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5、心理咨询机构：提供针对中小学生和家长的心理咨询服务。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6、<!--[endif]-->心理测量机构：提供智力、专业取向、职业取向、家庭教育倾向等测量以及配套的辅导与咨询服务。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->7、拓展训练机构：提供针对中小学生和家长的户外拓展训练课程和配套的辅导与咨询服务。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->8、<!--[endif]-->旅游服务机构：提供有教育意义的主题旅游项目，如爱国旅游、历史旅游、文化旅游、生态旅游、地理旅游、著名高校旅游、国际教育旅游等。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->9、<!--[endif]-->健康服务机构：提供有利于青少年儿童身心健康发展的体育、游乐、保健等服务。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->10、<!--[endif]-->图书音像机构：提供各类适合中小学幼儿园学生和家长的图书和音像制品。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->11、文化用品机构：提供各类文化用品，如文具、体育用品、乐器等。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->12、<!--[endif]-->玩具用品机构：提供各类有利于青少年儿童身心健康发展的玩具及相关用品。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">（二）教育及教育相关机构在校讯通时代中的机遇与挑战</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 在校讯通时代里，教育及教育相关机构一旦成为被移动和联通看好的合作伙伴的话，那么其服务和产品的推广一定获得校讯通已有的优质渠道。不仅让更多的终端用户（学生、家长）了解和认可其服务和产品，还能通过&ldquo;存话费免费送&rdquo;或者&ldquo;特约优惠&rdquo;的模式使其心甘情愿的接受和购买。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 然而，不可否认，在这个过程中，所进行合作的教育及教育相关机构的许多行为将受到校讯通体系的大大制约，这些机构往往不得不作出各种各样的调整，以迎合运营商的要求。从此，教育很可能就沦为了移动和联通竞争的一个砝码。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 移动通信业上的教育增值服务往往追求快速而有效，这与教育见效的长期性和缓慢性是存在一定的矛盾的。在策划上，在校讯通运营体系里，我们必须把教育项目包装得能够短时间内见效，那么终端用户才愿意买单。因此，在选择合作机构方面，我们需要抱着一个非常审慎的态度，必须选择在社会上已经有相当的知名度和认可度的机构。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 这样又带来一个新的问题，社会上已经有相当的知名度和认可度的机构实际上不需要更多的营销手段，而往往是新生的、尚未被充分认可的教育及教育相关机构对校讯通营销渠道的需求才是最大的，所以我们在实际运营当中，为了减少风险，一般不愿意与之作太紧密的合作。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></span><strong><span style="font-size: large;">五、&nbsp; <!--[endif]-->龙星公司的发展机遇与挑战</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 要在业内取得优势地位，龙星公司力求在内容上寻求突破口，不敢甘心仅仅做&ldquo;技术&rdquo;。无论是总经理的师范专业背景的情节，还是公司发展的实际需要，龙星公司都需要在未来打造属于自己的&ldquo;龙星教育&rdquo;品牌，通过拥有独特的教育理念的众多教育项目及其优质的服务，逐步扩大影响力，最终在社会上树立良好的品牌形象。在此基础上，达成战略调整，以校讯通平台为渠道，以教育增值服务为内容，形成多元化发展的具有核心技术的综合教育服务机构，以集团公司的模式运营和发展。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 纵观目前的状况，龙星公司目前拥有稳中有增的庞大的客户群体，这为其带来稳定而持续增长的庞大现金流，成为公司多元化发展的重要物质基础；教育专业背景人才的持续引进为公司教育项目开发带来新鲜的血液；以往形成的人际关系网络和销售渠道为新服务产品的研发与推广提供了便利；已有的教育项目运营的经验将成为重要的工作参考和依据；教育行业的高速发展以及珠海市&ldquo;教育强市&rdquo;的政策环境对教育机构的发展具有强大的推动作用；合作方的大力支持形成了强势的项目打包买家；周边相关教育服务竞争者和潜在的替代品尚未有充足的发展；珠海大学城的建设将为公司的项目研发和运营提供强大的相关资源&hellip;&hellip;这些都是龙星今后发展的有利的一面。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 然而我们同时也看到，公司战略转移走向真正的教育市场尚缺乏足够的经验；相关研发和运营队伍尚未形成，有待逐步引进有关人才；由于目前仅以&ldquo;信息技术&rdquo;为主要产品和形象特征，因此尚缺乏让人信服的教育品牌；政府对公办学校的加大投入可能使学校的自我服务能力加强，同时家长也能从学校那里获得越来越多的服务，那么他们对第三方教育机构的服务的依赖和需求程度则有可能会下降；国家新的计划生育政策允许双方均为独生子女的夫妻生育第二胎，这将打破公司原有的&ldquo;一个孩子寄托了父母100%的期望&rdquo;的口号，特别是上世纪八十年代出生的这一代独生子女在未来这几年内可能形成较大的生育高峰，这将造成家庭对单个孩子的教育投入的相对下降；目前社会上有关短信骚扰、短信服务乱扣费等投诉日益增加，市民对短信产品所存在的防备心理大大加强&hellip;&hellip;这些不利的因素将成为今后发展的障碍。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 龙星公司是否能在几年内迅速占领市场的同时扬长避短，充分打造自身的教育资源，是未来长远发展的关键，也是校讯通业务得以良性循环、关联利益体系保持稳固的重要保证。</span><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></o:p></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>浅谈项目负责人制在高校学生社团中的应用</title>
		<link>http://www.hewenchao.com/2006/xiangmu-fuzeren-zhi-xuesheng-shetuan-yin/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=xiangmu-fuzeren-zhi-xuesheng-shetuan-yin</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Oct 2006 14:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[项目管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[学生社团]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[应用]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[项目负责人制]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高校]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hegwan.com.au/hewenchao/?p=64</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[这是给我们讲授“教育项目管理”的张念副教授布置的一篇作业——运用项目管理的原理，写一篇关于教育项目管理的文章，作为期中考试。我运用了在这个课程中学到的原理性的知识，结合在学生社团工作中的亲身体验而写成了这篇文章，现拿出来与到家分享。  <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2006/xiangmu-fuzeren-zhi-xuesheng-shetuan-yin/">浅谈项目负责人制在高校学生社团中的应用</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Pageviews:5567<br/><div class="Section1">
<p style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 22pt">浅谈<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e9%a1%b9%e7%9b%ae%e8%b4%9f%e8%b4%a3%e4%ba%ba%e5%88%b6/" title="查看 项目负责人制 中的全部文章" target="_blank">项目负责人制</a></span>在<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e9%ab%98%e6%a0%a1/" title="查看 高校 中的全部文章" target="_blank">高校</a></span><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%ad%a6%e7%94%9f%e7%a4%be%e5%9b%a2/" title="查看 学生社团 中的全部文章" target="_blank">学生社团</a></span>中的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%ba%94%e7%94%a8/" title="查看 应用 中的全部文章" target="_blank">应用</a></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 22pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15pt">何文超</span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><font size="3"><span style="font-family: 宋体">（北京师范大学珠海分校教育学院教育经营系，珠海</span><span><font face="Times New Roman"> 519085</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体">）</span></font></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 18.05pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">摘</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"><span><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">要：</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">目前我国各高校里存在各种各样的学生社团，他们的发展存在很多的问题，其中内部管理是一个很大的方面。本文将分析高校学生社团的特点，提出让其引入项目负责人制，使其走出困境；在解释项目负责人制的具体概念和特性的同时，提供一套项目负责人制的操作程序供参考。最后将论述高校学生社团引入项目负责人制将可能出现的进步和发展，以及可能出现的问题和弊端。</span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 18.05pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">关键字：</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">高校；学生社团；项目管理；项目负责人制</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt" lang="EN-US"><br style="page-break-before: auto" clear="all" /><br />
</span></p>
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<div class="Section2">
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 14pt"><strong>一、高校学生社团的困境</strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">大多数的高校里，都存在或多或少的学生社团。它们是大学生根据个人的兴趣、爱好和特长，经过有关部门批准，以学生自愿方式组成的业余性的学生群体组织。广义学生社团包括高校中的学生会组织、研究生会组织、各种专门性学生组织。本文探讨的学生社团是指高校学生会组织、研究生会组织以外的专门性的学生组织，如各种社团。</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">大多数的高校学生社团是由不同院系不同年级的学生所组成的，它们各自有不同的专业背景，因为共同的兴趣、爱好和特长才走到一起，促成一个组织的发展。然而，现实情况中，很多社团是虎头蛇尾，一开始红红火火，到后来就难以维系。并且社团活动参与热情与年级增长成反比，无论是社团组织者还是社团活动参与者，都有不同程度的倦怠。究其原因，除了学校硬件和软件方面的外部原因，很关键一点，还是内部管理机制所导致的。</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">高校学生社团本身就有先天不足，它不同于公司企业有完善制度的约束，有经济利益的驱动；它不同于政府机关有众多职责的限制，有相应职权的支持；它也不同于社会上的正规社团有完整固定的组织机构，并且能聚集各种相关资源。一般来说，大多数的高校学生社团都存在以下弱点：</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（一）组织上的松散性</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">由于学生社团是由学生组成的，管理上是学生管理学生，而且社团对于学生的大学课程学习来说，可以说是可有可无的，它只是课余时间做点事情的平台，因此，学生社团组织上无法做到严密，而是呈现松散的状态。由于不能对会员甚至是管理层成员的退出作硬性规定，因此，组织在人员上的变动，可以说是随时可能发生的。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（二）缺乏延续性</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">一般来说，高校学生社团的人员周期是两年，如果学生在大一的时候成为普通会员，他们最多在大三就基本不再参加社团的活动了；如果学生在大二进入到管理层，成为部长或者会长等，他们最多做到大三，也就要退下来了。而至于那些加入了社团但从来不参加活动的会员就更不用说了。因此，高校社团的人员的延续性非常弱，特别是管理层一换，整个社团的方向和风貌可能都会随之而变。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（三）计划失效性</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">由于校内的各种情况随时会变动，无法预知，同时学生社团的活动又必须依赖学校的各个相关部门，还必须在相关部门工作不冲突的情况下才能开展，因此各个社团在学期开始作出的整个学期的具体活动计划，很多都是难以按照计划实现的，都受包括学校临时规定、课程安排改变、学业任务增减、相关部门活动等变化条件的制约。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（四）资源错位性</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">由于社团资源有限，不可能由一个组织、固定人员同时间或者相对紧凑地举办多个活动。另一方面，有点子有能力有才华的人，绝不仅仅局限在社团的现有管理层的，会员或者甚至社团以外的人，也可能希望通过社团这个平台来开展一些活动，但由于社团从一开始就设定了理事会成员名额，后来者难以加入，而有点子希望开展某项活动的同学又可能不希望长期担任理事会干部的职位，而只不过是希望暂时得到一个发挥的舞台。这样，实际上就出现一种资源错位现象，应该发挥作用的资源没有机会发挥作用，导致资源的浪费。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（五）低效率性</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">高校学生社团里面，无论是管理层还是普通的会员，都是来自不同学系和年级的。无论在时间还是空间上，沟通上都存在一定的不便。这使得组织内的各种决定，实施起来效率很低。</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">因此，我们提出一种新的内部管理机制&mdash;&mdash;项目负责人制，试图让其在社团内部运用，减少上述弱点对社团发展所产生的障碍。</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 14pt"><strong>二、项目负责人制的概念与特性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">这里的项目负责人制，是基于学生社团管理的传统模式的弊端而提出的。在传统模式下，学生社团以固有模式和标准，按照一定的程序，周而复始地做一类事情。传统模式的管理，注重对效率和质量的考核，注重当前执行情况与前期进行比较。比如社团里的各种常规工作：招新、外联、宣传、活动、总结、改选、交接等等&hellip;&hellip;以职能来划分，相同的人做基本相同的事，在一定时期内周而复始地进行。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">相对于传统模式，我们提出&ldquo;项目&rdquo;模式。所谓&ldquo;项目&rdquo;，就是一个特殊的、即将被完成的、有限的任务；它是在一定时间内，满足一系列特定目标的多项相关工作的总称。这里包含三层含义：项目是一项有待完成的任务，且有特定的环境与要求；在一定的组织机构内，利用有限资源（人力、物力、财力等）在规定的时间内完成任务；任务要满足一定性能、质量、数量、技术指标等要求。作为学生社团里的一个项目，它是一个独特的任务，可以是不固定的人临时组成团队来开展工作，所开展的工作要在一定的条件下开展，这种条件包括主管部门的态度、社团领导层的要求、社团本身的宗旨、所能占有的各种人力物力财力资源等等。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">总的来说，高校学生社团内的项目，具有以下三个特性：</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（一）暂时性</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">项目不是连续循环的工作，在它的确立在一开始就明确了起点和终点，不会让学生感到有源源不断的工作要去承担，他们可以更好地安排学习和工作的时间，更尽心地去完成项目相关的工作。即使他们在工作中遇到挫折，有退出社团放弃工作的欲望，也不会马上付诸行动。因为他们清楚地认识到，即使退出，也要等目前所从事的项目结束以后在提出。另一方面，由于项目是暂时的，学生们会花更多的心思来做好其工作，珍惜这次来之不易的机会。这样，每个项目都基本能按照项目计划去实施。而不会向传统模式那样，某些工作人员会产生厌倦感，随时退出没商量。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（二）独立性</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">每一项目都是独特的，不同于以前任何一个同类项目的。项目与项目之间，要么名称相同而内容不同，要么内容基本相同而要求不同。每一个项目都是各自独立的，不会让当前的项目实施者担心日后如何承继，如何寻找更多的人继续把工作做下去。同时，每一个项目实施者也不需要过于受先例的干扰，能够按照目前的条件做相应的工作。这不仅能去除厌倦感，还能激发学生挑战难度的动力和斗志。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（三）高效性</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">在项目中，每个环节都要充分注意。由于学生社团中的活动都是在课余时间进行的，开展活动的每个工作人员的空余时间都不是固定的，具有较大的随机性和变动性。因此，如果按照传统模式来指派任务，其工作效率难以保证。任务指派得当，任务承担者配合，工作可能一下子完成；任务指派不当，加之任务承担者主观上或客观上配合不足，任务就会拖拉，甚至无法完成而中途夭折。因此传统模式下的社团活动是兼冒进性和突变性有之。而作为项目的活动中，项目内的成员都有自己明确的工作目标，工作目标往往是在小组讨论的基础上自己设定的。不管自己的空余时间如何变化，既然愿意参与到这个项目，就会努力地设法完成任务，每个环节都注意认真完成，发自内心地推进项目良性发展，步步为营，逐渐趋于目标，高效保质地完成。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">高校学生社团推行项目负责人制，能充分调动社团干部组织策划活动的积极性，优化社团内部资源配置，给各位干部、理事甚至普通会员提供发挥个人才能的舞台，保证社团各项活动的顺利进行，做到简洁高效、主题突出、责任明确。</font></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 14pt"><strong>三、开展项目的基本程序<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（一）项目负责人提案</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">任何社团成员均可提出新颖、可行的活动设想，并初步做出活动策划，包括该活动的目的、形式、活动流程、经费预算、所需人员等，填写活动申请表，交社团策划部门包装、完善，经发起人同意后再提交至社团领导层和主管单位审批。活动须符合社团自身定位，经费预算须合理，审批通过后即可开展活动，该活动最初发起人即成为该活动的具体负责人&mdash;&mdash;即&ldquo;项目负责人&rdquo;。任何有热情、有想法的成员均有可能成为&ldquo;项目负责人&rdquo;，在该项目范围内对社团领导层负责，确保这项活动按时按质地完成，并达到预期效果。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（二）组建项目小组</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">&ldquo;项目负责人&rdquo;产生之后，即根据活动的需要，在活动策划部门的协助下联系各部门和学院的负责人，可从学校各部门、各学院中选择合适成员，成立项目组。&ldquo;项目负责人&rdquo;自然成为项目小组的组长。项目组自成立之日起即要明确分工，在组长的领导下，负责具体活动的开展，包括活动的审批、活动的展开、活动后期的总结等等。项目组作为独立单位完成活动，并虚心接受社团领导层和主管单位的意见。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（三）经费筹措</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">由于项目是个人提出并组建自愿参加的同学形成团队开展的，因此，在经费筹措问题上，存在自愿出资的可能。此外，由于项目负责人本身提出项目就应该对项目涉及的各个方面有清晰认识，并且了解自身的社会关系优势，因此一方面可以比较清晰地知道大概需要哪些资源，另一方面能尽可能发挥自身的优势，获取其他人无法获取的支持。当然，若项目负责人自身资源不多，社团还是应该提供一个舞台，如果有相应的经费支持就更好；若项目规模比较大，影响力也比较大，就可以尝试拉赞助，获取经费。而经费筹措问题本身就是立项审批的时候应该关注的问题，立项以后，项目负责人应该按照既定的计划来筹措经费。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（四）项目开展</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">各项措施准备就绪之后，项目负责人带领项目小组开展各项工作。同时，社团领导层和主管部门适时做出监督和指导，使项目更好地按照计划进行，避免发生人为错误。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（五）项目结束</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">项目结束以后，各项费用、各项物资应该进行盘点清算和结账，项目负责人应撰写项目总结报告，由社团相关部门存档，以备今后参考。项目结束后，项目小组即可解散，各个成员回归原来所在的部门，如果不希望继续工作的，项目结束后即可退出社团或不参与日后的工作（社团常任干部除外）。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">以下用流程图来表示高校学生社团开展项目的基本流程：</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: center; text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: center; text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><img border="undefined" alt="" onload="javascript:if(this.width&gt;740)this.width=740" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/091229/0KJH255-0.jpg" /></o:p></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span>&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 14pt"><strong>四、项目负责人制给高校学生社团带来的意义<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（一）更有效的团队建设</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">作为一种临时的一次性的具有高度目的性的项目团队，它更适合学生这种既要应付学业，又要兼顾课外活动，还要锻炼综合能力的特殊身份。项目团队的形式能充分调动学生的积极性，没有以往反复工作的疲累和顾虑。而且，由于项目团队是通过项目负责人自有的关系召集或公开招募其他学生自愿参加而组建的，其人员结构背景比较复杂，他们来自不同学院不同年级不同部门，还有着千差万别的经历，按照生态学的理论观点来说，这种群体内部的复杂性有利于群体的良性发展。项目任务的多样性要求项目团队成员的优势也具有多样性，通过这种形式来组建项目团队，可以有效规避传统社团管理中的固定的人做固定的事的模式的人员优势单一性的弊端，使项目操作过程中的各种问题有足够的储备应对者和解决者。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（二）更有效的目标管理</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">传统模式下，由于各个工作人员所在的职能部门是固定的，社团开展活动的管理人员往往给工作人员直接指派相对固定的具体任务，工作人员直接按照管理人员的具体要求去做，其目标管理往往以职能部门为中心，具体实施起来部门内部容易出现推卸责任和考核失公平的情况。而在项目负责人制中，高度的目的性使管理人员往往采用以落实到个人的目标管理的方式，告诉各个工作人员其需要达到的各自的目标，而达到这个目标的过程所需要的具体工作，往往通过指导性的意见来交流，至于具体如何实现具体到个人的目标，则由工作人员自行决定。这样项目团队里各个成员能够根据自身占有资源的优势和自身的时间安排来开展工作，而且由于个人责任和目标更明确，因此项目团队中的各个成员会更努力地在指定的时间内完成内创造性地完成其应该完成的任务。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（三）更有效的沟通管理</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">这里的沟通管理是指确保项目信息能够及时适当地产生、收集、传播、保存和最终处理所必须的过程。在传统模式下，沟通存在许多障碍。在以下职能型沟通路径图中我们可以看到，每有一个新的活动需要开展，社团领导层会召集各个职能部门的部长来开会，讨论具体事项和布置任务。各个部长再召集其部门的干事开会布置任务。在具体工作操作工程中遇到问题，就层层上报，等待会长或老师出面处理。这种双层甚至多层的沟通存在时间上和空间上的障碍，沟通容易失真而且效率低下。再加上各个部门的干事都是来自不同的学院不同的年级，如果他们平时没有工作以外的交流，在工作中的正式沟通缺乏共同的认知背景和情感基础。学生没有固定的办公地点，没有固定的&ldquo;上班时间&rdquo;，沟通往往是直线沟通的，这使得沟通的时间成本非常高。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3"><img border="undefined" alt="" onload="javascript:if(this.width&gt;740)this.width=740" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/091229/0KJL094-1.jpg" /></font></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: center; text-indent: -17.95pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">而从项目团队内部网状组织结构图可以看出，在项目负责人制下，项目团队以项目负责人为中心，以网状结构进行沟通。项目负责人直接与具体工作人员沟通，打破层级关系，所有人员均以目标分类，同类人员在平等的基础上进行沟通，沟通可以比较畅顺，而且沟通成本低。此外，由于一次性的项目之所以能够吸引项目成员参与进来，是因为大家都有共同的认识背景，有共同的价值取向，还受到项目负责人的个人人格魅力的影响。所以他们在沟通以前，在很多问题上本身就自然形成了共识，沟通的内容大多是项目的具体工作，而不是项目本身的意义问题。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span lang="EN-US"><img border="undefined" alt="" onload="javascript:if(this.width&gt;740)this.width=740" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/091229/0KJM4C-2.jpg" /></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">在外部沟通方面，传统的职能型的沟通需要动用各个职能部门进行外部沟通，而且社团领导层也需要频繁地向主管单位汇报，必要时社团领导层还需要直接与相关部门和服务对象沟通，这样的沟通缺乏系统性和整体性，容易出现沟通重复、沟通遗漏和沟通前后矛盾的现象。这种沟通模式往往是无计划的，以突发事件为中心。我们再看以下的项目外部沟通路径图，项目负责人同时与项目团队、项目对象、相关部门以及社团领导层和主管单位进行沟通。项目负责人与相关部门和项目对象的沟通又是为项目团队与他们沟通做好铺垫。这种沟通模式由项目负责人作总指挥，更具有系统性和整体性。沟通往往是有计划地进行，以整体目标和任务细分为中心。</font></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span lang="EN-US"><img border="undefined" alt="" onload="javascript:if(this.width&gt;740)this.width=740" src="/dedecms/uploads/allimg/091229/0KJG360-3.jpg" /></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 14pt"><strong>五、项目负责人制给高校学生社团带来的新问题<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（一）环境分析与判断准确度低下</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">由于项目负责人可以不是社团的常任干部，因此作为个人提出项目，希望社团能给其一个发挥的舞台，其往往对社团所能提供的条件以及校内相关部门的支持有过高的期望，对其项目的外部环境分析出现失真。一方面在人际关系上，项目负责人未必能马上跟某些项目干系人（如主管单位领导、相关部门工作人员和项目实施对象等）取得全面和良好的认识和沟通；另一方面项目负责人由于可能缺乏经验，对校内各种成文和不成文的规章制度并不是太了解，或者理解失真，往往在提出项目的时候把这种外部环境对项目的影响看得过于乐观，这也跟其为了说服社团领导层和主管单位允许其开展该项目而尽量多展示有利条件有关，而这种主观理解的&ldquo;有利条件&rdquo;的展示，恰恰是不利于项目的实际操作的。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（二）吸取教训多于积累经验</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">相对于传统模式来说，&ldquo;项目&rdquo;模式的一个很大的不足之处，就是它不能像传统模式那样由于每次活动都是固定人员作相对固定的事，因此每举办一个新的活动，组织的成熟度就有所增加，活动使得社团骨干的熟练程度滚动发展。而在&ldquo;项目&rdquo;模式下，每一个新的活动的组织者，都可能是一个新的团队，虽然项目是在固定的社团领导层和主管单位指导下开展，但是项目操作人员毕竟是缺乏经验的。而对于学生来说，由于缺乏社会经验，也缺乏校内组织活动的经验，其操作一个新的项目，往往会犯很多错误，走很多弯路，最终才能把项目完成，也有可能最终完成不了，项目失败。但是，如果在传统模式下，一次的失败是可以给下次活动的成功增添筹码的；但是在&ldquo;项目&rdquo;模式下，基于社团领导层和主管单位对风险的考虑，一次的失败可能葬送了项目负责人下次再次提出新项目的机会，因此其积累的经验无法成为组织的经验，然而其吸取的教训却成为组织不鼓励类似活动再次举办的理由。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（三）项目团队容易出现在授权以外范围进行活动的情况</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">项目负责人制下产生的项目团队，每进行一项大的任务，都应该向社团领导层和主管单位汇报。然而，由于对于学生来说，他们在从事某些活动的时候，可能会害怕老师的&ldquo;过分关注&rdquo;而导致失败，因此会有意无意地隐瞒一些信息。同时，在项目团队对外联系的时候，往往会直接使用社团或者学校的名义进行，而社团领导层和主管单位在没有直接参与这过程的情况下，难以控制项目团队对外联系中的承诺。如果项目团队许下无法实现的承诺，最终责任还是社团主管单位承担的，因为学生组建的项目团队甚至社团本身并没有主体资格。这样，就给学校相关主管单位带来相当的风险了。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（四）财务管理方面难以控制</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">对于一些涉及资金量较大的项目，其财务管理存在双重性。一方面社团本身有秘书处进行财务管理，进行用款审批、报销、成本控制等；另一方面项目团队得到一笔资金以后，其内部也需要进行相关的管理。而当这两方面的管理人员之间的沟通存在问题的时候，财务管理便很难控制。由于受到专业水平的限制，作为在校学生的项目团队，难以作出比较全面的财务报表，也没有这样的时间，他们得到资金以后，往往见步行步，遇到需要用款就轻易做出决定，成本控制很成问题。另外用款方面也容易因为缺乏监督而出现挪用项目资金作私用的腐败现象。由于项目团队本身存在相对的独立性，因此社团领导层和主管单位往往对这些情况难以直接控制。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3">（五）社团领导层权威受威胁</font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">在传统的学生社团里，会长、副会长往往是承担最多任务的角色，只有一些次要的事情才会让干事去做。社团的一些重大功劳，往往都是加在社团领导层身上的。如果社团引入项目负责人制，那么社团领导层很可能由做事者变成管事者，从舞台上的表演者变成舞台下的后勤保障人员，而如果项目负责人做事比较得力，社团领导层甚至好像不需要花太多精力。因此，社团成员渐渐地会觉得社团领导层是虚设的，没有做具体事情的，从而其权威会直线下降，从表面上直观觉得社团领导层可有可无。一旦某个项目做得很成功，项目负责人会受到来自学生和老师的夸奖。这样，社团领导层的地位也就不复存在了。要解决这个问题，唯一的方法是社团领导层成员自身应该多提出项目，自己成为项目负责人；同时某些普通同学一旦多次成为项目负责人，并且比较成功地运作了项目的话，应该尽快将其吸收成为社团领导层成员或者其他常设部门的干部。</font></span></p>
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</font></span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 14pt"><strong>六、结论</strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">项目管理是一种新型的学问，也是逐渐被各种公司企业、政府机关和团体组织所重视的一种管理方式。项目负责人制的理念和操作能给组织带来很大的活力，使组织各项工作变得权责分明，促使组织不断创新并且吸引更多的优秀人才的加盟。这种制度引入高校社团的管理当中，是社团自身发展的一种新尝试，也是社团解决一向存在的问题和弊端的手段。但任何事物都有两面性的，项目负责人制也不是万能的，也有其弊端。笔者认为，社团没有必要通过革命性的方式进行内部改造，而应该在已有的职能部门的基础上，让原班人马用这种模式开展活动，成熟了之后再对外推广。这样可以避免项目负责人制的弊端给社团带来太大的冲击。总的来说，每个社团都应该根据自身的特点，选择最适合自身发展的管理模式，这才是真正的硬道理。</font></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: center; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">参</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 9pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">考</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 9pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">文</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 9pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">献</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1] </font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">杨宝忠</span><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US">.</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"> </span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">高校学生社团建设的理性思考</span><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[D]<b>. </b></font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">沈阳：东北师范大学，</span><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2004.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [2] </font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">甘华鸣等</span><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US">.</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"> </span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">项目管理</span><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[M]<b>.</b> </font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">北京：中国国际广播出版社，</span><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2002<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [3] </font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">徐锐</span><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US">.</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"> </span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">潜论高校学生社团的组织结构设计</span><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[J]<b> .</b> </font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt">高教探索</span><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US">.</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt" lang="EN-US"> 2005<b>.</b> 2</span></font></p>
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</span></p>
<div class="Section3">
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</span></p>
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<p style="text-align: center; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt" lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Elementary Introduction to the Application for the System of Project Manager&rsquo;s Responsibility in Student Associations in Colleges and Universities</font></span></b></p>
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<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span lang="EN-US">Abstract:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Nowadays, there are various student associations in most colleges and universities, with considerable problems in their developing, one serious aspect of which is inner management. This paper analyses the characteristics of student associations in colleges and universities, and then put forwards the system of project responsibility which may take them out of the jam. While explains the concepts and characteristics of the system, this paper also provides a set of process of it. And in the end, it discusses the significances and new problems brought from the new system.</span></font></font></p>
<p style="text-indent: 21.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt" lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Keywords:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt" lang="EN-US"> College; University; Student Association; Project Management; the System of Project Responsibility</span></p>
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		<title>合资企业的跨文化管理——中新集装箱有限公司码头案例报告</title>
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		<comments>http://www.hewenchao.com/2006/hezi-qiye-kuawenhua-guanli/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 27 Jul 2006 14:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>何文超</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[组织行为学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中新集装箱]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[合资企业]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[跨文化管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[黎明]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hegwan.com.au/hewenchao/?p=72</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[这是友人黎明参与撰写的一篇平时作业。他们结合中新集装箱码头有限公司（CT）的实例，从一个侧面分析了一个合资企业文化差异带来的影响和消除这样一种文化差异的必要性。他们通过霍夫斯塔德构架在中新公司的运用，从理论上探讨了这一系列事件所产生的根源，在共同管理文化理念的引导下，用CMC模式分析了中新公司在跨文化管理实践中所形成的诸多共识。 <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/2006/hezi-qiye-kuawenhua-guanli/">合资企业的跨文化管理——中新集装箱有限公司码头案例报告</a></span>]]></description>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 22pt; font-family: 华文行楷;"><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e5%90%88%e8%b5%84%e4%bc%81%e4%b8%9a/" title="查看 合资企业 中的全部文章" target="_blank">合资企业</a></span>的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e8%b7%a8%e6%96%87%e5%8c%96%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86/" title="查看 跨文化管理 中的全部文章" target="_blank">跨文化管理</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 22pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&mdash;&mdash;<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e4%b8%ad%e6%96%b0%e9%9b%86%e8%a3%85%e7%ae%b1/" title="查看 中新集装箱 中的全部文章" target="_blank">中新集装箱</a></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">有限公司</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">码头案例报告</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 22pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Transcultural Management in Joint Ventures</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&mdash;&mdash;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> Report on CT</font></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; line-height: 25pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">课程名称：</span><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">组织行为学</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">Organizational Behavior</span>）</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; line-height: 25pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">课题组名：</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">Friends-RUC</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; line-height: 25pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">组<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>员：</span><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">黄珊</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">32651052</span>）</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">、林非</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">32651058</span>）</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; text-indent: 70pt; line-height: 25pt;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">陈云志</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">32651063</span>）</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">、黄煜斌</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">32651075</span>）</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; text-indent: 70pt; line-height: 25pt;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://www.hewenchao.com/tag/%e9%bb%8e%e6%98%8e/" title="查看 黎明 中的全部文章" target="_blank">黎明</a></span></span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">32651076</span>）</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">、谢阳</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">32651079</span>）</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; text-indent: 70pt; line-height: 25pt;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">汤佳</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">32651081</span>）</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; line-height: 25pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">院系专业：</span><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">公共管理学院行政管理专业</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">03</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">级本科<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; line-height: 25pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">指导老师：<st1:personname productid="张丽华" w:st="on"><u>张丽华</u></st1:personname><u>教授<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; line-height: 25pt;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></u>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 280pt; line-height: 25pt;" class="MsoNormal"><st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="29" month="3" year="2006" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">2006</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">年<span lang="EN-US"> 3</span>月<span lang="EN-US">29</span></span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">组长：陈云志<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">方案总策划：黎明<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">图书馆资料整理：黄珊<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">Internet</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">资料收集：林非、汤佳<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">Internet</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">资料整理：黄珊、黄煜斌<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">报告第一部分：谢阳、黄煜斌<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">报告第二、三、四部分：黎明<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">报告第五部分、附录：陈云志<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">报告美术设计：谢阳<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">PPT</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">制作：黄煜斌<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">报告人：谢阳<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 黑体;">目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">一、相关文献综述(Literature)</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 3 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">二、背景介绍(Background introduction)</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 5 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">多元化时代</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 5 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">案例公司背景</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 5 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">三、案例具体情况分析(Cases Analysis)</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 5 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">公司历史与合资方背景</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 5 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">人力资源状况</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 6 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">资产构成</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 7 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">管理体制</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 8 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">管理理念</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 9 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">四、理论透视（Theories</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">）</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 10 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、</span></span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">G</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">&middot;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">霍夫斯塔德（Great Hofstadter</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">）构架</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 11 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、双重角色</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 13 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">开业典礼</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 13 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">总经理办公会</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 14 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、处罚风波</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 15 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">叉车失火</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 16 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">7</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">、共同管理文化（Common Management Culture-CMC</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">）模式的构建</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 16 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">五、结论(Conclusions)</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 18 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">附录</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 18 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">一、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">小组成员进度工作表</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 18 -</span></font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">二、</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span lang="EN-US">参考文献</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">&#8230; </span></span><span style="display: none; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">- 19 -</span></font><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 28pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 华文中宋;">合资企业的跨文化管理</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 28pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&mdash;&mdash;中新集装箱码头有限公司案例报告<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 华文中宋;">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Transcultural Management in Joint Ventures&mdash;&mdash;Report on CT</font></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 华文中宋;">）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">摘要</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">：纵览跨文化管理的理论研究，我们结合中新集装箱码头有限公司（<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>）的实例，从一个侧面分析了一个合资企业文化差异带来的影响和消除这样一种文化差异的必要性。通过霍夫斯塔德构架在中新公司的运用，我们从理论上探讨了这一系列事件所产生的根源，在共同管理文化理念的引导下，我们用<span lang="EN-US">CMC</span>模式分析了中新公司在跨文化管理实践中所形成的诸多共识。最后，结合一系列事实和理论依据，我们得出了自己的结论。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">关键字</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">：合资企业<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">&nbsp; </span></span>跨文化管理<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">&nbsp; </span></span>共同管理文化<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">&nbsp; </span></span>霍夫斯塔德构架<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">&nbsp; </span></span>权力距离<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">&nbsp; </span></span>个人主义<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">&nbsp; </span></span>不确定性规避<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">&nbsp; </span></span>生活数量<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">&nbsp; </span>CMC</span>概念层次模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin: 17pt 0cm 16.5pt; line-height: 18pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">一、相关文献综述<span lang="EN-US">(Literature)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">随着中国经济的高速增长，中国的对外开放步伐日益加大，对外依存度不断提高，中国企业走出国门与外资企业来华投资都不再是新鲜事物。所有企业在走出去和引进来的时候，都不得不面临一个问题，那就是不同国家、地区间文化差异对企业管理与经营活动的影响。企业跨文化沟通与管理的研究就是在这样的背景下应运而生的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">早在<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪<span lang="EN-US">90</span>年代，就有学者敏锐地观察到合资企业的跨文化管理将由于中国改革开放的步伐而进入企业管理者的视野，俞文钊等（<span lang="EN-US">1994</span>）在初步考察了不同国家的文化与管理思想的差异后，详细介绍了合资企业跨文化管理与沟通的基本知识，并提出了<b style="">共同管理文化（<span lang="EN-US">Common Management Culture-CMC</span>）</b>模式。在此基础上，他们运用此模式对中国汽车行业最早的合资企业&mdash;&mdash;上海大众进行了企业的跨文化管理分析，取得了宝贵的经验。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">进入新世纪后，越来越多的学者把目光投入到企业的跨文化沟通与管理领域的探索与研究，并取得了丰硕的成果。在世界政治多极化、经济全球化、文化多元化的大背景下，王守宝等（<span lang="EN-US">2001</span>）较早地认识到如何在多元文化下，利用跨文化优势，展开跨国经营，在全球范围内实现资源共享、优势互补，已经成为跨国公司开展国际化经营的主要任务之一。认为对于跨国公司与合资企业而言，需要注意跨文化的沟通与协调、控制与激励、人力资源管理、文化适应和变革、谈判。遵循这些学者的足迹，后来的学者开始在重视文化多元性、差异性存在的基础上，从自己的角度提出了企业应对不同文化存在的事实，如何构建跨文化沟通与管理的框架与方法。吴敏、黎伟（<span lang="EN-US">2002</span>）提出了企业建立跨文化企业管理模式的八个步骤：文化分析，文化特质对企业管理的各项职能的影响分析，找出双方文化中的共同点或交叉点，作为文化整合的基础，调查不同文化背景的员工对外来文化的容忍度，根据企业特点，决定企业采取哪种方式进行文化整合，研究跨企业文化整合的目标，将上一步确定的经营理念和管理模式贯彻到企业管理的各项职能中去并建立独特的跨文化企业的管理文化，设立反馈系统，检验文化整合后的企业经营理念和管理模式是否高效，是否提高企业竞争力，并提出修改意见。他们提出的企业跨文化管理模式已经达到了比较精细的程度，然而对于不同规模、不同性质和不同所有制，关键是中外合资双方各不相同的合资企业来说，显然有一定的局限性，不完全具备普遍的适用性。因此，陶日贵（<span lang="EN-US">2003</span>）参照加拿大著名跨文化组织管理学家南希爱德勒的观点，认为解决组织跨文化冲突有三种方案选择：<b style="">凌越（<span lang="EN-US">beyond</span>）</b>，一种文化凌驾于其他文化之上，组织决策及行为均受这种文化支配，其他文化则被压制。<b style="">折衷（<span lang="EN-US">compromise</span>）</b>，不同文化间采取妥协与退让的方式，有意忽略回避文化差异，从而做到求同存异，以实现组织内的和谐与稳定。<b style="">融合（<span lang="EN-US">synergy</span>）</b>，不同的文化间在承认、重视彼此间差异的基础上，互相尊重、补充、协调，从而形成全新的组织文化，具杂交优势。在此基础上他提出了文化融合的三种障碍是文化中心主义、文化对抗主义和文化保守主义，强调企业的经管人员应克服其影响，推进企业内不同文化的融合。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">近年来，学者们对于企业跨文化沟通与管理的研究愈发呈现多元化的趋势，从更多的角度为我们揭示跨文化沟通与管理的重要性、区别及应对之道。叶小兰（<span lang="EN-US">2004</span>）从价值观、制度文化、经营方式和思维方式四个层面深入分析了中西双方在合资企业内部的跨文化差异的现实存在。刘雯祺（<span lang="EN-US">2005</span>）则从合资企业文化冲突在伦理和法制观念、劳动人事、决策模式以及协调管理原则方面的表现，提出了文化冲突是由于民族个性、思维方式、价值观和宗教信仰的差异而造成的。针对文化冲突，她提出了避免文化冲突的对策，即了解文化差异，注重跨文化沟通，遵循共同的市场规约，加强跨文化培训机制。其中了解文化差异，加强跨文化机制的培训，也同时被许多学者陈剑平、徐伟军（<span lang="EN-US">2005</span>）所推崇和强调。王爱林（<span lang="EN-US">2005</span>）在其论文中突出强调了合作竞争是企业未来的发展趋势，并指出由于不同民族背景、文化背景的员工大量加入，跨文化管理的障碍日益明显，造成管理效率低下，降低竞争力。合作双方文化的差异表现在对问题的认识角度、思维方式和判断标准的差异上。实施本土化战略能在很大程度上克服这方面的不足。在众多学者的争论中，更为超脱地提出了跨文化沟通与管理的应对之策的当数黎永泰、杨世铭（<span lang="EN-US">2005</span>）对跨文化结合模式及其成功原因的探讨。他们在比较分析了三种跨文化模式，即文化差别与冲突模式，文化隔离模式与文化结合模式在中国分别被众多合资企业所采用的实际运作情况后，断定跨文化结合模式将成为跨文化沟通与管理领域解决文化差异与冲突，消除文化隔离的最好方法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">通过对<span lang="EN-US">10</span>年来在跨文化沟通与管理领域具有代表性的学者及其研究成果的回顾，我们可以得出：跨文化沟通与管理已经成为现代合资企业的所必需面对的重大问题，这已经成为绝大多数企业和学者、业内人士的共识，其重要性不言而喻。跨文化沟通与管理的模式与方法也已经被众多学者所突出介绍，详细的操作步骤与过程也得到了充分的展开，在沟通与管理过程中存在的障碍和应该注意的问题将是日后该领域理论不断前进的方向。而中国经济的进一步开放和融入国际化、全球化的过程将推动跨文化沟通与管理理论的深化与发展。</span></p>
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<h1 style="margin: 17pt 0cm 16.5pt; line-height: 18pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">二、背景介绍<span lang="EN-US">(Background introduction)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">1、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">多元化时代</span></b><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">世界冷战格局崩溃以来，和平与发展成为时代主题，开放化和市场化为主要特征的世界经济新秩序正在逐步形成。全球开放型市场经济体制要求世界各国相互提供开放、公平、互惠的经营环境，为世界所有合法企业提供非歧视性竞争舞台和市场；并保障市场化机制在全球资源配置与世界经济运行中起到基础性作用。<b style="">跨国公司（<span lang="EN-US">multinational corporations</span>）</b>在经济全球化与一体化的进程中起到了巨大作用。作为跨国公司经营的一种形态，<b style="">合资企业（<span lang="EN-US">joint ventures</span>）</b>扮演了重要角色。本报告就是围绕一个合资企业&mdash;&mdash;<b style="">中新集装箱码头有限公司（<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>）</b>，从企业跨文化沟通与管理的视角，联系该公司的原型&mdash;&mdash;<b style="">大连集装箱码头有限公司（<span lang="EN-US">DCT</span>）</b>，同过案例中的情况介绍，结合企业管理、组织行为学有关跨文化的相关理论，对该公司的跨文化经营管理活动以及进行具体的分析。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">2、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">案例公司背景</span></b><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24.1pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中新集装箱码头有限公司（<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>）</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（以下简称中新公司）是由滨海市港务局和新加坡港务局共同组建的合资企业。公司自从<span lang="EN-US">1996</span>年成立以来，经历了<span lang="EN-US">10</span>年的风风雨雨。在中新两国政府、滨海市港务局与新加坡港务局，特别是在中新双方员工的共同努力下，中新公司获得了长足的发展和进步。作为一个合资企业，中新公司也遇到了合资企业的通病&mdash;&mdash;水土不服，尽管中新两国文化相近，民族构成相似，但是该合资企业在跨文化沟通和管理中依然经历了各种困难。中新公司上下是怎样通过自己的努力和外界的支持来克服这些困难呢？下面将就中新公司自从成立以来所面临和经历的各种有关跨文化沟通与管理的问题进行详细的剖析。</span></p>
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<h1 style="margin: 17pt 0cm 16.5pt; line-height: 18pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">三、案例具体情况分析<span lang="EN-US">(Cases Analysis)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">1、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">公司历史与合资方背景</span></b><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中新集装箱码头有限公司位于风景秀丽的滨海市新港区。该项目在中新两国政府的推动下，在滨海港务局与新加坡港务局的共同努力下，于<span lang="EN-US">1996</span>年<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月开业运营，至今已有十个年头。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">公司的合资方分别是滨海港务局（中方）和新加坡港务局（外方）。滨海港是中国北方最大的综合国际贸易港口，具有近百年的历史。<span lang="EN-US">1985</span>年前港口吞吐量一直居中国沿海港口第二位，号称中国最大的对外贸易港口和中国第二大港。到<span lang="EN-US">1995</span>年底已退居第五位。尤其是在代表港口装卸水平与港口形象的国际集装箱处理方面，远远落在沿海几大主要港口之后。可以看出，滨海港务局作为滨海港的主管单位，不得不面对这一百年老港<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪<span lang="EN-US">80</span>年代以来日渐衰落的地位和经营情况。为了振兴口岸经济，建设国际大港，滨海市和滨海港务局站在历史的高度，用科学发展观统领全局，决定采取合资的方式，通过引进、吸收国外先进的经营管理经验和技术，实现滨海港的跨越式发展。新加坡有世界上最先进的集装箱码头，有一流的技术与管理人才，年处理集装箱量在<span lang="EN-US">1200TEV</span>以上，是世界上名列前茅的港口之一。新加坡已成为中国的第五大投资国，<span lang="EN-US">1995</span>年底投资总额达<span lang="EN-US">173</span>亿美元。<b style="">新加坡港务局（<span lang="EN-US">PSA</span>）</b>是新加坡主管新加坡港经营管理业务的机构。过去一直没有进行过对外投资，其投资素以小心谨慎著称。这次决定与滨海港务局合作，乃是经过了对滨海市、滨海港投资环境的深入考察和分析，立足长远而作出的决定。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">2、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">人力资源状况</span></b><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）人员构成<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中新公司章程规定<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>公司的高级管理人员由双方对等组成。公司董事长由中方担任，副董事长由新方担任，董事会考虑到<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>公司的发展必不可少地要引进先进管理经验和手段，故而决定总经理、总会计师、操作部、资讯部、技术部负责人从新加坡港务局选聘。公司管理层设&ldquo;六部一组&rdquo;。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）人员素质与能力<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中新公司上至管理层，下至普通员工，都有着较高的素质与能力。新方派出的担任总经理一职的在国内经营管理过最大的集装箱码头八森港的，精明强干且又在海外颇具影响的年仅<span lang="EN-US">37</span>岁的陆有财先生。其他职位新方高级管理人员也优中选优从新方港务局聘来。中方方面，由于该项目关系到滨海市和滨海港务局未来<span lang="EN-US">100</span>年的发展，因此滨海港务局也选派了一批具有专业技术知识，又有管理经验的、年轻的高级管理人员进入<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>公司。<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>公司董事长沈重，现任滨海港务局副局长，今年<span lang="EN-US">56</span>岁，毕业于国内的一所重点航海大学管理专业，多年来一直从事港口的生产经营管理工作，成绩卓著。他中等身材，一副江南口音，说起话来条理清晰。一看他的眼神，便知道他是一个精明过人的人。在多年的工作中，先后做过生产调度、调度主任、港务公司经理，在港务局担任主管生产经营的副局长足有<span lang="EN-US">8</span>个年头，是建国后我国自己培养的新一代港口管理人才，有在丰富的管理经验。可以看出，中新公司的工作人员普遍具有较高的业务能力与丰富的工作经验，而且年龄结构比较合理，搭配恰当。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">3、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">资产构成</span></b><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中新集装箱合资码头公司项目总投资<span lang="EN-US">40</span>亿元人民币，注册资本<span lang="EN-US">13.5</span>亿元人民币。中新双方股比为<span lang="EN-US">51</span>：<span lang="EN-US">49</span>。其中中方以新港区已建成集装箱码头的几个泊位及其他设施作价出资，新方以外汇出资。公司经营年限为<span lang="EN-US">50</span>年，公司经营范围包括开发、建设、管理、经营中新集装箱码头以及所属设施，为各类船舶提供集装箱装卸服务，并从事港内运输、仓储、集装箱修洗，以及信息咨询等服务，以逐步使滨海市新港区发展成为一个具有当代先进水平的国际集装箱码头。可见，中新公司是由中国与新加坡投资双方按照不同的生产要素（中方以设备、场地为主，新方则为资本）入股，并且按照中方占据控股地位为条件进行合作的。公司的经营领域十分广泛，除其主营业务为与公司码头相关的开发、建设、管理和经营及所属设涉外，同时还实现了主营业务相关的其他业务（如集装箱的装卸），还实现了副营业务，如在港口内进行的运输、仓储、集装箱清晰服务，至于信息咨询，更可以看作是中新公司为开拓多元化业务所进行的大胆探索。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td valign="top" style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 44.4pt;">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">管</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">理</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td valign="top" style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 44.4pt;">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">经</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">营</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td valign="top" style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 44.4pt;">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">提供集装箱</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">装卸服务</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="28" valign="top" style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt; height: 44.4pt;">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">港内运输</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td valign="top" style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 44.4pt;">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">仓</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">储</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="64" valign="top" style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.1pt; height: 44.4pt;">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">集装箱</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">修洗</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">信息咨询</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">4、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">管理体制</span></b><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">根据中新公司管理层的人员配备情况与&ldquo;对等原则&rdquo;，可以看出中新公司在管理体制上是充分尊重了中国与新加坡各自的管理体制，并且最大限度地吸收了双方管理体制的合理部分，从而形成了这样的一种体制。这也深刻反映了中新双方虽然同属华夏文化圈，但是由于受到历史与现实因素的影响，在经营管理理念上的分歧与差异，以及中新两国受到各自文化影响所产生的深深的文化烙印。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">案例中提到&ldquo;根据公司的组织章程，<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>公司实行董事会领导下的执行董事负责制。每月召开一次执委会例会，以决定公司的重大决策、经营状况诊断等问题。<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>公司的生产经营活动，每月总经理召开总经理办公会后向执委会汇报。&rdquo;从这里我们可以进一步勾勒清楚中新公司的管理体制及权力框架。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中新公司的决策层、管理层与执行层有着比较明确的分工合作关系。由董事会和执行委员会所组成的决策层，掌握着公司的最高权力。事关公司未来发展、经营方向的重大决策问题都由董事会下的执行委员会决定，执行委员会的成员&mdash;&mdash;执行董事，同时也是董事会的成员，这样就可以保证董事会和执行委员会之间的有效沟通，也可以确保董事会的决定可以很好地传递到下一级。同时，执行委员会在日常工作中也握有很大的权力，每个月一次的执行委员会会议，是以总经理为代表的公司管理层向决策层汇报工作，同时从决策层那里获得指示的场合。总经理及其管理团队只有获得了决策层关于未来一段时间工作方向的授权和指示，才可以开展工作。因此，从这一层面来说，公司的权力高度集中在执行委员会手中。但是与此同时，执行委员会所集中的，只是事关公司发展方向的重大权力，至于公司日常经营的决定权，还是掌握在管理层手中。其实，员工每人人手一册的员工手册，也已经承载了每个岗位的职责，写明了每个岗位的工作任务，描述清楚了其工作性质，也规定了每项事务的工作流程。员工只要认真阅读，就会知道遇到特定的情况的时候应该怎么做。这样一来，每一位员工都是权责明确的，管理层与执行层间的关系十分好处理。执行层只要照章办事就可以了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">5、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">管理理念</span></b><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中新公司现有员工<span lang="EN-US">500</span>多名，公司秉承&ldquo;员工是企业最宝贵的资源，人才是<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>的资本&rdquo;的企业精神，以&ldquo;成为现代化、高效率、服务佳的集装箱码头经营者&rdquo;作为公司发展目标，&ldquo;不断进取，刻苦创新，为客户提供高效、优质、便捷的服务&rdquo;为经营宗旨，&ldquo;不断引进先进科技和管理办法，将<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>公司经营的码头建成一流的国际集装箱枢纽港&rdquo;。这些公司理念，已被中新双方管理人员熟知。从案例中对中新公司现有的经营管理理念的描述，可以看出中新公司极为重视人力资源在公司发展中的地位。无论是在企业精神的界定，发展目标的确立，经营宗旨的选取，还是在塑造积极进取、刻苦创新、顾客至上的经营管理理念的时候，都可以发现人的因素的重要性。从材料中我们也可以得到，中新公司的这一系列以人为中心，一脉相承的经营理念，实际上是对其合资方&mdash;&mdash;滨海港务局和新加坡港务局的经营管理理念的继承和结合。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&ldquo;滨海港务局，不仅是国内屈指可数的有着百年历史的大港，而且在建国后恢复国民经济、抗美援朝、大跃进、三年自然灾害、十年动乱的年代，都始终如一，为国家建设做出了不可磨灭的贡献。改革开放以来，多次获得国家级企业管理金马奖，所在单位也被评为全国总工会职业道德十佳单位。被称誉&lsquo;老码头&rsquo;的企业精神（一丝不苟，精益求精，团结协作，不计报酬，公而忘私，爱岗如家，任劳任怨，埋头苦干，勇担重担，不怕困难，深入现场，带头大干）包含港务局干部职工爱港敬业，吃苦耐劳的经营理念。&rdquo;从这段描述我们可以看出，滨海港务局代表了新中国乃至近代以来民族工业萌芽、成长、发展乃至辉煌的全过程，肩负着民族振兴的使命，具有极为悠久的历史和厚重感。滨海港务局所具备的企业精神，也在一定程度上反映了中国国有企业踏踏实实、埋头苦干，讲究团结、实效的集体主义传统，这一传 统不仅仅被企业所具有，而且也为每一位身在其中的企业职工所耳濡目染，反映在职工的日常生活、学习、工作、交流的方方面面。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">另外，<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>公司经营理念中提到：<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>公司将继承两个港务局重视人才资源的传统，鼓励员工长期服务。公司认为，一个具有良好品德的人才能成为真正的人才，加盟<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>公司的人应遵守员工信条，即：诚实守信，处事公平，忠于职守，团结协作，以整体的成功为个人的成功，决不允许只重个人利益，损害公司的利益的行为，公司对每个员工的培养发展和品德修养予以极大的重视，从而使员工能不断适应公司的发展，建立起一支长期稳定的高素质的员工队伍。这里可以得出，中新公司强调的是为员工的个人发展创造一个良好的企业外在环境，为员工的提升提供必要的机会，使员工在企业具有一种归属感，让员工的发展能够与企业的发展相一致，相协调。实现员工与企业的共同进步。</span></p>
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<h1 style="margin: 17pt 0cm 16.5pt; line-height: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体;">四、理论透视（</span><span style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Theories</font></span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体;">）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="margin: 17pt 0cm 16.5pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">上文中我们已经对中新公司这个案例进行了事实上的描述和企业具体情况的具体阐释了。接下来我们将要针对中新公司所在案例反映出的现象与问题进行详细的分析。在这里我们将会用到有关企业的跨文化沟通与管理的相关理论知识结合案例进行剖析，以其能够达到理论与实际相结合。案例提到的沈重所回忆的中新公司成立一年以来所发生的几件事情，具有标志性地代表了中新两国国家文化、民族文化、地域文化，以及两家港务局所具有的组织文化，乃至两国员工所特有的个人文化的差异，都将在下面的理论透视中得到详细的解释。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">我们首先将我们所认为的每一件事情的名称、经过及其所代表的文化差异列表于此，通过这个表格，我们将能够清楚地看到，这些事情的经过、结果与处理方式很明显地表现出中新双方在价值观、思维方式、工作方式等方面处理事件的差别。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中新公司案例各种事件一览表<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">反映的现象、问题或者文化差异<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">双重角色<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中方二把手担任合资公司的一把手<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">开业典礼<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">①与合资公司无直接业务关系的单位被邀请参加庆典，接待规格有所差异；②中方的高级管理人员在会前没有被通知应该担任什么角色，也没有特别的安排。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">总经理办公会<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">①中新公司办公会与滨海港务局的办公会有很大差别，陆总经理从未布置具体的工作，只是由各部门负责人汇报工作；②各部门负责人对外方领导的管理风格不熟悉也感到不踏实；③外方对拜会与公司业务相关的政府部门与主管机构的负责人并不热心；④管理人员的工作主动性与积极性被调动起来，具有较大的自主权；⑤一般管理者还是惯于接受安排好的工作任务，习惯于请示后再具体开展工作，对于自己拥有较大程度的自主决定权感到难以适应于不习惯。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">处罚风波<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">①公司管理制度完善与规范，各种手续和指示及其完备；</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">②公司的员工手册重视处罚手段，对于奖励的规定则比较简略；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">③员工感到紧张感；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">④员工的请假规定极为严格，请假时间具体到以小时计算；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">⑤公司管理层对员工违反规章制度极为重视，处罚手段严格照章办事，不讲人情；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">⑥员工认为外方管理过于苛刻，仍然摆脱不了&ldquo;大锅饭&rdquo;的心理。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">①中方员工对于公司、集体的财产有着较强的保护意识和主人翁意识；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">②遇到危机时，中新双方的工作人员表现各异，中方人员不论岗位差别与工作职责都会参与到危机处理中，重视集体、团队力量的发挥；而新方则强调坚守工作岗位，分工明确，不得擅离职守，同时可以看出他们有较为丰富的危机处理经验与意识，危及处理的预防工作比较完备，强调综合协调处理。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">下面我们首先进行文化维度和组织文化的理论框架建构，然后运用此框架和上文提到的<b style="">共同管理文化（<span lang="EN-US">Common Management Culture-CMC</span>）</b>模式对每一事件中所反映出的现象、问题和文化差异进行分析。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">1</span></b><span style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">、</span></b></span><span style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">G</span></b></span><span style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&middot;</span></b></span><span style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">霍夫斯塔德（<span lang="EN-US">Great Hofstadter</span>）构架</span></b></span><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">在探讨企业的<b style="">跨文化沟通（<span lang="EN-US">inter-cultural communication</span>）</b>与<b style="">跨文化管理（<span lang="EN-US">Transcultural management</span>）</b>时，我们不得不提到著名学者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">G</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&middot;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">霍夫斯塔德。以完成关于文化差异对管理的影响为目的的最重要的研究，最初是由他在<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪<span lang="EN-US">60</span>年代后期进行的，并在以后的<span lang="EN-US">30</span>年一直没有间断。最初的研究，现在被视为经典的研究，是通过对<b style="">国际商业机器（<span lang="EN-US">international business machine, IBM</span>）</b>在<span lang="EN-US">40</span>个国家的<span lang="EN-US">11.6</span>万名员工进行意见调查完成的。通过调查人们对管理方式和工作环境的偏好，霍夫斯塔德在研究成果中指出了<span lang="EN-US">4</span>个随国家不同而不同的&ldquo;价值观念&rdquo;的尺度&mdash;&mdash;权力距离（权利的空间跨度）、个人主义与集体主义、不确定性规避、生活数量和生活质量（阳性与阴性，或男性主义与女性主义）。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）<b style="">权力距离（<span lang="EN-US">power distance</span>）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">这是衡量社会对机构和组织内权力分配不平等这一事实认可的尺度。权力距离大的社会认可组织内权力的巨大差距。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）<b style="">个人主义（<span lang="EN-US">individualism</span>）</b>与<b style="">集体主义（<span lang="EN-US">collectivism</span>）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">个人主义是指一种松散的社会结构，人们只关心自己的活直系亲属的利益；而集体主义则是以一种紧密结合的社会结构为特征。在霍氏的研究看来，一个国家的个人主义程度与该国的富足程度密切相关。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）<b style="">不确定性规避（<span lang="EN-US">uncertainty avoidance</span>）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">通过对不确定性高低的衡量，可以得出一个国家人们是否具有安全感。程度较低表示一个国家的人民对风险宽容，面对风险时处之泰然，感到相对的安全；程度较高则表示成员高水平焦虑，以不安、压力、进取性强为证据。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">4</span>）<b style="">生活数量（<span lang="EN-US">quantity of life</span>）和生活质量（<span lang="EN-US">quality of life</span>）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">原本霍氏使用了更具有性别歧视色彩的男性主义或者女性主义代表这个维度，但是显然生活数量与质量更能反映出这个文化维度的内涵。生活数量反映了组织中成员过分的自信和物质主义，而生活质量则表明组织中成员重视人与人之间的关系，并对他人的幸福表现出敏感和关心。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">霍夫斯塔德的排序<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm -5.35pt 0pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">国家和地区<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="118" colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt; height: 15.75pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">权力距离<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">个人主义<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">生活数量<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">不确定性规避<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">指数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">排序<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">指数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">排序<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">指数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">排序<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">指数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">排序<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">新加坡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">74<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">39</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&mdash;<span lang="EN-US">41<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">48<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">28<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">53<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中国香港<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">668<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">15</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&mdash;<span lang="EN-US">16<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">37<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="60" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45pt; height: 15.75pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">57<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">18</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&mdash;<span lang="EN-US">19<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">29<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="57" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.6pt; height: 15.75pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">49</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&mdash;<span lang="EN-US">50<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="91" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt; height: 15.75pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中国台湾<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">58<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">29</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&mdash;<span lang="EN-US">30<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="62" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.4pt; height: 15.75pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">44<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">45<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="60" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45pt; height: 15.75pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">32</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">&mdash;<span lang="EN-US">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="51" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.4pt; height: 15.75pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">69<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="57" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.6pt; height: 15.75pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">26<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="91" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt; height: 15.75pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中国大陆<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="468" colspan="8" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 351pt; height: 15.75pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">无<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">序号：<span lang="EN-US">1</span>最高，<span lang="EN-US">53</span>最低<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">从上表可以看出，同处于中华文化圈（或者说是华夏文化圈）的新加坡、中国香港、中国台湾，尽管都是华人占据人口主体的社会，但是在社会地位、对自由的看法、物质生活以及社会安全感等方面仍然有一定的区别。在权力距离上，香港地区表现出强烈的权力观，对社会地位比较看重，这一指数远在新加坡和台湾地区之上；台湾地区最为追求个人主义；三地的物质主义比较接近；新加坡人最有安全感。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">由于历史的原因，霍氏没有能够获得中国大陆的数据。不过由大陆和香港地区的对比我们可以推断，在权力距离上大陆的指数更高，但是大陆更强调集体主义，大陆的生活数量将不如香港，不确定性上大陆将是上述四个地区中最高的，因为不确定性规避与一个国家或地区的富裕程度成反向相关关系。对此，我们可以进行定性的比较：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中国大陆与新加坡文化差异对比维度表<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></p>
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<td width="112" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">国家<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">权力距离<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">个人主义<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">生活数量<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">不确定性规避<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">新加坡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">低<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">高<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">高<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">低<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中国大陆<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">高<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">低<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">低<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">高<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<tr style="height: 31.5pt;">
<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">涵义<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中方比新方更重视权力<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中方比新方强调集体主义<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中方的生活水平不如新方<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td width="112" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: rgb(212, 208, 200) windowtext windowtext rgb(212, 208, 200); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.9pt; height: 31.5pt; background-color: transparent;">
<p align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中方的安全感低于新方<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">这样一来，我们就可以得出比较直观而且可以具体化的指标，并用来衡量中新两国文化差异。在下面对相关事件的具体分析中，我们将看到，霍夫斯塔德的文化差异维度给我们提供了考察中新公司内部存在的文化差异一个很好的工具和视角。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">2</span></b><span style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">、双重角色</span></b></span><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中新公司的董事长沈重同时还兼任了滨海港务局的副局长一职。也许很多人会说：这只是一个人事上的安排，并不能体现合资企业跨文化管理。但我们必须了解这样的一个事实：中外合资企业中中方代表往往是合资企业的一把手，同时还是中方投资方母公司的第二把手。这似乎已经成为中外合资企业人事安排上的一个&ldquo;潜规则&rdquo;。外方可能很难理解中方这样的人事安排，或者说即使有相类似的人员安排，外方也不会这么严格地遵照这一人事&ldquo;惯例&rdquo;行事。我们认为：这反映了合资企业中中方应对跨文化管理的一个方法就是融入了本民族较为强烈的社会地位观念，体现出强烈的<b style="">等级（<span lang="EN-US">hierarchy</span>）</b>意识。相比而言，新方则不太重视这一方面的讲究。他们挑选自己的企业代表时，更重视的是他所具有的才干，以及相关领域的工作经验和背景。对新方来说，能够为他们创造财富的人，能够为他们管理好公司的人，就是这个企业适合的管理者和企业代表。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">3、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">开业典礼</span></b><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）与合资公司无直接业务关系的单位被邀请参加庆典，接待规格有所差异<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">站在国人的角度，一个企业的开业典礼历来是最为讲究的场合。从出席嘉宾的人数、级别、参与度、接待规格、以及媒体的报道篇幅，都将是体现企业在当地乃至全国地位的重要参照系。在中新公司的开业典礼上，我们可以看出如下情况：尽管公司的庆祝气氛十分浓厚，伴随着巨轮的汽笛声与人们的欢呼声，数千只鸽子腾空而起。人们挥动着彩旗，欢歌载舞，庆祝中新双方合资经营的集装箱码头正式投入运营。中新双方政府领导人等贵宾亲临现场剪彩，更使公司的开业庆典高潮迭起。但是从&ldquo;上至国务院副总理，省、市领导，下至中、新双方的客户、朋友好几百人，来宾中有些单位与合资公司无直接业务关系，由于是滨海港务局的关系单位，前来祝贺，但被安置和接待的规格与以往有差异，使之不满。&rdquo;的描述可以看出，新方对与本公司并无直接业务联系的组织和个人，无论其级别高低，都只是按照一个较为随意的接待规格进行接待。通过上面的权力距离框架，我们知道这是由于新加坡的权力距离指数较低，所以不太重视个人或者组织的社会地位。而中国的权力距离较大，所以中方比新方更重视接待工作的规格和惯例。这也解释了中方人员（包括沈重在内）为什么会感到本次接待工作会和以往有所差别，虽然这种感觉难以说清楚，但这却是文化这一深层次因素对人的潜移默化的影响的表现。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）中方的高级管理人员在会前没有被通知应该担任什么角色，也没有特别的安排<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">在开业典礼上最令中方人员感到不妥的应该是几位高级管理人员的尴尬表现。在开业典礼上，几位中方高管居然身着工作服，头带安全帽一副现场作业装束，显然可以看出他们没有得到特别的通知。陆总经理的谈话也可以反映出新方对于这种场合已经是驾轻就熟了。在他们看来，这都是由工作职责所规定好的，并没有必要特别通知中方高管人员，也没有必要召开总经理办公会议进行专门的讨论，因为总经理办公会议是作为公司日常生产经营状况的决定机构而存在和召开的。这也可以看出新加坡方面十分重视规章制度的作用，在他们看来，有明文规定的工作职责就不必再另外讨论或者决定。同时也可以看出新方对中方在这一方面的特别关注和不解的耐人寻味的回答。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">4、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">总经理办公会</span></b><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）中新公司办公会与滨海港务局的办公会有很大差别，陆总经理从未布置具体的工作，只是由各部门负责人汇报工作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">按照文化差异对比维度表，我们可以从权力距离和个人主义两个维度进行分析。中国的权力距离远远大于新加坡，使得权力在每一个级别上的分布显得极其突出。一点点的权力差距都显得十分明显。对比起来，新加坡就是一个很平等的社会了。另外，中国的集体主义显然在管理中占据主导地位，而新加坡由于受到西方殖民的影响，个人主义在文化中占上风。个人主义维度的强弱与否，又成为影响人对于人的本质的看法的重要因素。集体主义更倾向于性善论，而个人主义则把人看成恶的表现。在管理中，这被诠释成劳动者的信仰：<span lang="EN-US">X</span>理论和<span lang="EN-US">Y</span>理 论。关于人本质的假设就决定了授权的自发性和管理体系的本质。加上权力距离的影响，中方更倾向于权力的向上集中，因此中方人员把总经理看成是一切决定的作出者，总经理的决定将指挥他们工作的方向。当中新公司的中方人员看到陆总经理从未布置具体工作时不免疑惑和不解就很明显地体现了权力距离和个人主义的作用。而新方则不同，以陆总经理为代表的高级管理人员，把权力的分散和必要的授权看成是理所当然的，他们认为：中方人员完全可以在规章制度允许的范围内自主决定一些日常事务。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）各部门负责人对外方领导的管理风格不熟悉也感到不踏实<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">上文已经提到了中方人员对新方领导的管理风格感到不能理解，特别是当部长们在汇报工作时只能听到总经理的&ldquo;知道了&rdquo;似的回答后，更是感到没有托底与不踏实。按照文化维度的观点，归根结底这还是与权力距离与个人主义相关。中方人员没有充分授权与信任的习惯，中方的管理传统与实践也是强调高度的集中与统一，即使得到了暂时性的分权，也不能够放下心来根据实际情况的变化主动开展工作。而新方人员比较熟悉这种事务性的分权，并把一定的自由裁量权看成开展工作的必需。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）外方对拜会与公司业务相关的政府部门与主管机构的负责人并不热心<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">在中国，&ldquo;关系&rdquo;是整个社会运行的纽带，中国人看待关系，有时候甚至比金钱还重要。但是外方则不一定懂得关系的重要性，即使像在新加坡这样处于华人文化圈的国家，对关系的看法也远远不如中国人来得准确。从文化维度看，这固然与权力距离有关，但是不确定性规避似乎扮演了更为重要的角色。中国社会当前处于转型期，人们的安全感比起以前有较大程度的下降，风险承受能力十分薄弱。面对这样的条件，人与人之间的关系就显得十分重要。因为关系网越复杂，就越能够实现风险的分散，风险分散的直接后果就实现了风险的有效规避。所以在商场上，在生产经营活动中，中国人比较重视相关领域合作方的拜会，这样可以有效建立生意合作伙伴间的关系。这种&ldquo;熟人&rdquo;关系在中国人的经商理念中占据重要地位。但是新方就不在乎这种熟人关系的建立和维系。不仅仅是中新公司，许多新加坡与中国合资的企业的新方高层都不重视这种拜访，这也是新加坡不确定性规避度较低的反映。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">4</span>）管理人员的工作主动性与积极性被调动起来，具有较大的自主权<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">在新加坡人看来，对员工的必要授权是必须的，也是规章制度规定的。由于制度的完备，在新方看来，中新公司的执行层与中层管理者都可以得到一定的授权，他们没有必要就过于具体的事项事事向上请示，而只需要照章办事即可。这样一来，中新公司的员工的积极性和主动性就被有效地调动起来了，齐新就是一个很明显的例子。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">5</span>）一般管理者还是惯于接受安排好的工作任务，习惯于请示后再具体开展工作，对于自己拥有较大程度的自主决定权感到难以适应于不习惯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">固有文化的影响，使得一般管理者还是惯于接受安排好的工作任务，他们对于自己拥有的下放的权力还难以适应。这明显是权力距离作用于中方人员。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">5</span></b><span style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">、处罚风波</span></b></span><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">在中新公司对大李、小李进行处罚的风波中，我们可以看出该公司管理制度完善与规范，各种手续和指示及其完备，公司的员工手册重视处罚手段，对于奖励的规定则比较简略。这使得员工感到一种紧张感，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">因为</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">员工的请假规定极为严格，请假时间具体到以小时计算；这在过去的国企简直是无法想象的。公司管理层对员工违反规章制度极为重视，处罚手段严格照章办事，不讲人情；</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">这导致了</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">员工认为外方管理过于苛刻，仍然摆脱不了&ldquo;大锅饭&rdquo;的心理。显然，这一次的处罚风波给中方员工造成了极大的<b style="">文化冲击（<span lang="EN-US">culture shock</span>）。</b>这是一种不同文化间突然、迅速的碰撞和冲突所所造成的较为激烈的表现和反映。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">从文化维度来看，权力距离和不确定性规避的影响十分明显。新方在赋予员工较大的自主决定权的同时，也严格遵照&ldquo;权利与义务相统一&rdquo;、&ldquo;权责一致&rdquo;等原则，要求员工必须就自己的行为负责，并且就所犯的错误和违规行为承担相应的责任。和新方不同，中方在面对这样的情况时，一般是从轻处罚，看重人情多过制度，较为忽视制度的作用和地位。这就是权力距离的另一种体现，人治与法治传统的区别。与此同时，人们的安全感和稳定性都较差，因此产生了对&ldquo;大锅饭&rdquo;的依赖性，对于在没有保障的苛刻的工作条件下工作，中方工作人员普遍感到不适应。也就是说，生活数量与不确定性规避成反比，对中国的实际情况来看，中国员工对物质的追求的偏好比较强烈，就业竞争压力大，较低的生活数量也是造成这一现象的重要原因。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="">6、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">叉车失火</span></b><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">在中新公司的案例中，这是个人主义维度的集中体现。遇到叉车失火这样的突发事件时，很明显地反映出中新双方员工的集体主义与个人主义的差别。中方员工对于公司、集体的财产有着较强的保护意识和主人翁意识，重视集体、团队力量的发挥；而新方则强调坚守工作岗位，分工明确，不得擅离职守，这固然是他们明确的权利与责任意识在起引导作用。同时可以看出他们有较为丰富的危机处理经验与意识，危机处理的预防工作比较完备，强调综合协调处理。因为一般情况下，中方人员都表现出了比新方更慌乱和直接奔赴危机现场进行处理的动向，而不像新方有较为理性的判断和意识，去决定自己的下一步行动。在这一方面是很值得中方学习的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">综合整个失火事件，文化的差异固然起着作用。但是这并不能说明中方的处理方式不适宜而怀疑文化的优劣性。这是在研究文化差异性的过程中需要注意的问题。任何一个文化引导下的管理方式都在一定程度和范围内有这优于其它文化的地方，但这并不能代表文化之间存在优劣之分。还有当管理上升到管理哲学的高度时，任何文化引导下的管理方式表达出来的思想都是相同的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">7</span></b><span style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">、共同管理文化（<span lang="EN-US">Common Management Culture-CMC</span>）模式的构建</span></b></span><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">尽管在成立的最初一年里，中新公司遭遇了种种困难和挫折，中新双方员工在面对文化差异时也表现出了一定的手足无措和难以理解。然而总的来说，中新公司还是很好地实现了不同文化的结合，较为妥善地处理了合资企业跨文化沟通与管理的难题。在这个案例中，可以看到共同管理文化模式的踪迹。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">共同管理文化模式（<span lang="EN-US">CMC</span>）是合资双方在共同利益的基础上，通过双方不同管理文化在特定合资企业的共同管理过程中组合、融合，经双方相互了解、协调而达成的企业双方成员共识的新的文化管理模式。它强调对企业共同价值观的认同与<span lang="EN-US">CMC</span>系统展开的结构模式的构建。下面我们结合中新公司的案例进行<span lang="EN-US">CMC</span>模式下的状况分析。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）共同价值观的确定<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">案例中提到，<span lang="EN-US">CT</span>公司将继承两个港务局重视人才资源的传统，鼓励员工长期服务。可见在重视人力资源这一点上，中新公司是合资双方价值观的继承者和交集，都强调以人为本的管理价值观。这种价值观决定了中新公司追求的不是纯粹管理主义的效率至上，而是始终把人放在十分重要的地位。中新双方尽管具有文化上的差异，尤其在权力距离、个人主义、不确定性规避和生活数量等维度上都有较大的差别，但是中新公司的管理者们面对这些文化差异和不同，不是否认其存在，也不是一味地隔离，而是勇于承认差异的存在。不仅仅是承认差异的存在，而且十分重视差异的存在，把差异的存在看成是公司上下的一种宝贵财富。通过对差异的深入分析，他们找到了&ldquo;以人为本，重视人力资源&rdquo;这一交集，并通过这一双方的共同点实现了最大限度的合作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">中新公司尊重差异的存在，合作方相互谅解、相互包容，求同存异，寻求在差异中的最大合作点。另外，公司还把这种差异看成是充分调动员工主动性的催化剂。中方通过引入新方的科学、严谨乃至近于苛刻的管理方法和技术，提高了中方员工的责任意识和权利意识，有利于提高中新公司的劳动生产率和工作效率，提高其专业化程度和工作水平。同样对于新方而言，合资也有利于吸收了解中方的集体主义意识，把中方厚重、踏实的工作作风融入到新方的工作方式中，也是对新方的有利补充。双方在确定共同价值观的基础上实现了双赢。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）<span lang="EN-US">CMC</span>系统展开的结构模式</span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">经过上面对中新公司的<span lang="EN-US">CMC</span>模式分析，我们可以比较清楚地看到在共同价值观基础上中新双方对于公司的建立、运营和维系上所作的努力。这种文化结合和包容是合资企业跨文化管理较为成功的范例，实现了同一<b style="">主流文化（<span lang="EN-US">dominant culture</span>）</b>圈下由于历史、地理、宗教、社会及其他原因造成的具有差异性的<b style="">亚文化（<span lang="EN-US">subculture</span>）</b>的较好结合和相互适应。</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font size="2"><font color="#ff0000"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></font></span></p>
<h1 style="margin: 17pt 0cm 16.5pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 240%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">五、结论<span lang="EN-US">(Conclusions)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 240%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">通过对中新集装箱码头有限公司这一合资企业跨文化管理案例分析，我们可以得出如下结论：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">1</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">、合资企业的跨文化差异是普遍存在的，面对文化差异有文化冲突、文化隔离、文化结合等应对方式；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">、合资企业必须重视文化差异的重要性及其对企业经营管理所产生的不可忽视的影响；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">3</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">、合资企业可以通过霍夫斯塔德文化差异分析框架对合资双方所在国家的文化差异进行对比，并就合资企业存在的问题进行深入的分析；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt;" class="Ms
